1、Designation: D4385 10Standard Practice forClassifying Visual Defects in Thermosetting ReinforcedPlastic Pultruded Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4385; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers acceptance criteria for visual ac-ceptance of thermosetting reinforced plastic pultru
3、ded rods,bars, shapes, and sheets.1.2 This practice presents definitions of possible defects toserve as a guide for contracts, drawings, product specifications,and final inspection.1.3 This practice also categorizes different inspection re-quirements for the three of four grades of product qualityid
4、entified herein.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use
5、.NOTE 1There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D3647 Practice for Classifying Reinforced Plastic Pul-truded Shapes According to CompositionD3917 Specification for Dimensional Tolerance of Thermo-setting Glass-Reinforced Plastic Pultruded Shapes3.
6、Acceptance Criteria3.1 The method and frequency of sampling and the qualitylevel shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.3.2 Dimensions and TolerancesPultruded shapes shall beinspected for conformance with dimensions and tolerancesspecified on the product drawing or by D3917. Produ
7、cts withany dimensions exceeding the specified limits shall be rejected.3.3 PunchabilityProducts not exceeding 4.7 mm (0.185in.) thickness, having Reinforcement Material G and Rein-forcement Type M in accordance with Practice D3647, shall becapable of being punched, drilled, and riveted without caus
8、ingsplitting or delamination when good commercial practices areemployed (for example, proper backup, adequate hole spacing,etc.).3.4 Critical AreasAreas in which the presence of imper-fections is considered to be detrimental to the proper functionof the part shall be designated as critical areas. Th
9、e areas of aproduct that are critical structurally, aerodynamically, electri-cally, or for some other purpose shall be uniform and inaccordance with the quality levels of Table 1 as stated on theproduct drawing. Critical areas may be designated on theproduct drawing by one of the following methods:3
10、.4.1 Encircle critical areas,3.4.2 Cross-hatch areas to designate areas of various levels,or3.4.3 Word description of the critical area(s).3.5 Allowable DefectsDefects that by nature, number, orfrequency of occurrence do not affect the serviceability of theproduct. These allowable defects shall be f
11、ully described as totype, size, number, extent allowed, and spacing. The appropri-ate acceptance level (see Table 1) for defects in these areasmust be specified. Defects in excess of those listed as allowablein the product specifications, drawings, or contracts for theproduct shall be cause for reje
12、ction.3.6 Acceptable DefectsUnless otherwise specified, thefollowing defects shall be acceptable in all instances:3.6.1 Shrink-MarkA dimple-like depression on the sur-face of a pultruded shape where it has retracted from thepultrusion die, and which has well-rounded edges. A shrink-mark generally oc
13、curs on one surface of a part where there isa boss, flange, rib, or other heavy section on the oppositesurface. The shrink-mark may be caused by the difference intotal shrinkage when there is a sudden change in section alongthe surface of the part.3.6.2 Resin VoidsApplicable to a number of mat- andf
14、abric-type reinforcement systems, particularly continuousstrand mat used without a surfacing material or woven fabrics.The resin voids appear as multiple surface interruptions thatconform to the pattern of the cloth weave or the continuous1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20
15、 on Plastics andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.18 on Reinforced ThermosettingPlastics.Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Published May 2010. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4385 - 08. DOI:10.1520/D4385-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, v
16、isit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM Internationa
17、l, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.strand mat fiber distribution. This is usually due to an insuffi-cient flow or shrinkage of the resin that fails to fill all of theinterstices of the fabric or mat reinforcement. These defectsoccur only on the sur
18、face layer of resin in contact with thepultrusion die or mold.3.6.2.1 Pultrusions intended for chemical corrosion environ-ments with pH below 5, or over 9, or for immersion applica-tions, require a synthetic surface veil to ensure adequate resincoverage. Any resin voids shall be repaired.3.7 Repaira
19、ble DefectsRepairable defects are those thatcan be repaired without affecting the serviceability of theproduct unless otherwise specifically prohibited on productspecifications, drawings, or contracts. The specific repairabledefects include blister, chips, die-parting line, gouges, groov-ing, interm
20、ittent disfigurement, scale, scuffing, sluffing, stopmark, wire brush surface, and resin voids (see 3.6.2). Therepaired product must conform to the limits of Table 1. Otherdefects may be repaired by mutual consent of the customer andthe pultruder. Methods of repair shall be agreed upon betweenthe pu
21、rchaser and the seller and shall be fully described by theproduct specification, drawings, or contracts.4. Acceptance Levels4.1 Visual InspectionEach sample selected in accordancewith 3.1 shall be checked visually without the aid of magnifi-cation. Defects shall be classified as to type and level, a
22、s shownin Table 1. The quality level shall be determined by referenceto the product specification or drawing for the applicableacceptance level for allowable defects. The inspection shall beconcerned with those defects described by the product speci-fications, drawings, or contracts for the pultrude
23、d products. Ifnone of these first three levels (Levels I, II, or III) is consideredapplicable, the level shall be Level IV, and allowable defectsmust be specified on the product specification or drawingincluding the criteria for acceptance. Any excess of defects, asspecified under the required level
24、, shall be cause for rejection.Unless otherwise specified, the dimensions in this practice aresurface dimensions.4.2 Acceptance Level IPresence of any defects in excessof those listed in Table 1, Level I, shall be cause for rejection.4.3 Acceptance Level IIPresence of defects in excess ofthose liste
25、d in Table 1, Level II, shall be cause for rejection, ifdefect is not repairable.4.4 Acceptance Level IIIPresence of defects in excess ofthose listed in Table 1, Level III, shall be cause for rejection, ifdefect is not repairable.4.5 Acceptance Level IVAny defect not specifically de-fined by size or
26、 shape in Levels I, II, or III that falls into acategory between Levels I, II, and III or is beyond Level III andis considered acceptable, shall be designated as Level IV andshall be specified on the product specification or drawing. Anysuch defect shall be fully described as to size, shape, number,
27、extend, and spacing on the product drawing, product specifi-cation, or contracts for the products.5. Keywords5.1 pultrusion; structural shapes; visualTABLE 1 Acceptance CriteriaName DefinitionVisual Acceptance LevelsLevel I Level II Level IIIBlack Marking Black smudges on the surface of thepultruded
28、 product that cannot beremoved by cleaning, scrubbing, orwiping with solvent.None Permitted if not over 12 mm wide or 20cm long or more than 4 marks per 3 mof length.Permitted if not over 25 mm and allproduct test requirements are satisfiedBlister A rounded elevation of the pultrudedsurface with bou
29、ndaries that may bemore or less sharply defined.None Permitted if not on the exterior surfaceformed between the surfacing veil andfirst layer of reinforcement. And lessthan 15 mm in diameter. No more thanone per 3 m in length.Permitted if formed between surfacinglayer and balance of laminate, width
30、isno greater than 40 % of surface width(but 7 cm max) and length is not over20 cm. No more than 2 per 3 m oflength. Blisters less than 19 mm indiameter are permitted on interiorsurfaces that are bonded. A popcornblister (less than 1.5 mm in diameterand .25 mm high) is permitted.NOTEThe rounded eleva
31、tionsomewhat resembles in shape a blisteron the surface of human skin.Blisters may exist within the pultrusionas a hollow delaminated area (gas-filled) under a raised portion of thesurface.Product must meet test requirements and not exceed dimensional tolerances.Repair if limits exceeded.Blooming, U
32、ndercure A dull and bleached surface color thatis evident in pultruded material notexposed to the weather.None None NoneBurn A discoloration, distortion, ordestruction of the pultruded surface asa result of thermal decomposition.None None NoneChips (Gouges) Minor damage to the pultruded surfacethat
33、removes material but does notcause a crack or craze.None Not over 6 mm long or wide or 0.64mm deep. Not more than 4 per 3 m oflength. Repair if limits exceeded.Not over 10 mm wide or long or 0.64mm deep. Not more than 5 per 3 m oflength. Repair if limits exceeded.D4385 102TABLE 1 ContinuedName Defin
34、itionVisual Acceptance LevelsLevel I Level II Level IIICrack A visual separation that penetratesdown from the pultruded surface to theequivalent of one full ply or morereinforcement (0.5 mm). See internalshrinkage cracks.None None NoneCrater A small, shallow pultrusion surfaceimperfection.None Not o
35、ver 1 mm in diameter and 0.64mm deep. Maximum of 5 per 64.5 cmof area and no more than 1 such areaper 0.3 m of product.Acceptable if it does not reduce thepart thickness below the minimumspecification.Not permitted in same area of unrepaired chips and gouges.Craze Multiple fine separation cracks at
36、thepultruded surface not penetrating intothe reinforcement nor to the equivalentdepth of one ply of reinforcement.None Not over 9 mm long or 0.4 mm wide,not more than 12 per 3 m of length.Can be over the entire length of thepart.NOTEThis condition is usually due toresin shrinkage during cure in resi
37、n-rich areas.Delamination The separation of two or more layersor plies of reinforcing material within apultrusion causing a localizedthickness change exceeding 0.13 mm(0.005 in.)None None NoneDie Parting Line A lengthwise flash or depression onthe surface of a pultruded plastic part.The die parting
38、line is not part of thedimensional tolerance.The line projection caused by the die-parting line shall not extend past theproducts surface by more than 0.20mm for shapes less than 3.1 cm wideand 0.3 mm for shapes greater than3.1 cm wide. It shall not create a sharpfeeling or have loose fibers. Repair
39、 iflimits exceeded.The line projection caused by the dieparting line shall not extend past theproducts surface by more than 0.30mm. It shall not create a sharp feelingor have loose fibers. Repair if limits areexceeded.NOTEThe die-parting line isassociated with the area whereseparate pieces of the di
40、e join togetherto form the cavity.Discoloration A streak of other pattern on the surfacethat causes a noticeable change ofcolor from the rest of the pultrudedsurface.None Spots of any color not over 12 mm indiameter or 4 per 3 m of length arepermitted. Streaks or longitudinalstains permitted if not
41、over 12 mmwide, 20 cm long, or more than 4 per 3m of length.Spots of any color not over 19 mm indiameter or 8 per 3 m of length arepermitted. Streaks or longitudinalstains permitted if not over 19 mmwide, 25 cm long, or more than 6 per 3m of length. Continuous discolorationscaused by a veil overlap
42、are permitted.Mat discolorations are not rejectableDry Fiber (Lack of ResinFillout)A condition in which fibers are not fullyencapsulated by resin duringpultrusion.None If internal, permitted if product meets test requirements. If on the surface, seeblooming, fiber.NOTEThis does not includesurfacing
43、veil.Dullness A lack of normal pultruded surfacegloss or shine.None Permitted unless caused by insufficient cure.NOTEThis condition can be causedby insufficient cure locally or in largeareas, resulting in the dull bandcreated on a pultruded part within thedie when the pultrusion process isinterrupte
44、d briefly (see stop mark).Exposed Rovings The underlying layer of roving notcovered by surface material in apultrusion.None Permitted if surfacing material coversall but 9.5 mm from each free edge butnot to exceed 40 % of the width of thesurface being inspected or 25 % of theperimeter of a round pro
45、duct.Permitted if surfacing material coversall but 11 mm from each free edge, butnot to exceed 40 % of the width of thesurface being inspected or 30 % of theperimeter of a round product. Carrierrovings can be used on the surface ofa tube without rejection. Connectionareas can have exposed rovings.D4
46、385 103TABLE 1 ContinuedName DefinitionVisual Acceptance LevelsLevel I Level II Level IIIThe exposed underlayment may be present intermittently along an entire length. Allreinforcing fibers shall be encapsulated with resin.Fiber Bridging Reinforcing fiber material that is foundbridging across on an
47、inside radius ofa pultruded shape.None Permitted if reinforcing fibers are encapsulated by resin, no corner cracks exist,and there is no evidence of delamination.NOTEThis condition is caused byshrinkage stresses around such aradius during cure.Fiber Prominence A visible and measurable pattern of the
48、reinforcing material on the surface of apultruded plastic part.None Permitted if reinforcing material is encapsulated by resin.Folded Reinforcement An unintentional or unspecifiedmisalignment of mat or fabricreinforcing material in relation to thecontour of a pultruded section.None Not permitted whe
49、n fold results in 3 ormore plies affected and areinforcement-rich area.Permitted if test requirements are met.Other visual requirements caused bymat folds must satisfy the specification.NOTESuch folds may or may notaffect the surface appearance of thepultrusion and are visible in a cut crosssection of the product.Fracture Cracks, crazing, or delamination, or acombination thereof, resulting fromphysical damage to the pultrusion.None None NoneGrooving Long narrow grooves or depressions ina surface of a pultrusion parallel to itslength.None Permitted if material
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