1、Designation: D 4393 04Standard Test Method forStrap Peel Adhesion of Reinforcing Cords or Fabrics toRubber Compounds1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4393; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of peeladhesion of reinforcing fabrics that are bonded to rubbercompo
3、unds. It is applicable to either woven or parallel cordtextile structures from both natural and manmade fibers and toparallel steel cord structures.1.2 This test method is primarily used to evaluate tire cordsand tire cord fabrics, including steel tire cords, using a suitabletire cord adhesive and a
4、 suitable rubber compound. This testmethod may be used to evaluate tire cord adhesives (fabricdip), metallic (usually brass) coatings on steel cord, and theprocess of adhesive reaction on the cord using one consistentform of tire cord or fabric and one consistent rubber com-pound. This test method m
5、ay be used to evaluate cords andfabrics in industrial hose and belting products and other cord orfabric reinforced rubber products.1.3 Variables that may contribute to differences in results ofthis test method include adhesive type, adhesive applicationprocedure, adhesive cure, fiber type, construct
6、ion of cords orreinforcing fabrics, rubber type, rubber cure, rubber thickness,and cord spacing.21.3.1 The deleterious effect of ozone in combination withatmospheric moisture on the ability of adhesives to bond withrubber requires assiduous protection of cords prior to rubberembedment.31.4 This test
7、 method is written in SI units. The inch-poundunits in parentheses are provided in this test method are notnecessarily exact equivalents of the SI units. Either system ofunits may be used in this test method.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated
8、with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D 76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD 12
9、3 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1566 Terminology Relating to RubberD 2138 Test Methods for Rubber PropertyAdhesion toTextile Cord5D 2229 Test Method for Adhesion Between Steel TireCords and RubberD 6477 Terminology Relating to Tire Cord, Bead Wire,Hose Reinforcing Wire, and Fabrics3. Terminology
10、3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For defintions of terms relating to tire cord, bead wire,hose wire, and tire cord fabrics, refer to Terminology D 6477.3.1.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:adhesion, adhesion, in tire fabrics, chafer fabric, curing, fabricdip, holland cloth, rubber, rubber
11、compound, as used in themanufacture of rubber articles, rubberize, steel cord, steelfilament, stitch, in making rubberized articles, straightness, insteel cord, tack, for rubber or rubber compounds, tire cord, tirecord fabric, vulcanization, weftless fabric.3.1.2 For definitions of terms related to
12、rubber, refer toTerminology D 1566.3.1.3 For definitions of terms related to textiles, refer toTerminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Strap Peel Adhesion From Single CordTwo pieces ofweftless fabric of sufficient size to cover the curing mold cavityare generated on a rotatable drum (Fig. 1).
13、 These two fabricsare laid one against the other, with cords in the same direction,to form the pad (Fig. 2). This pad has a nonstick fabric, such asholland cloth, separating the two fabric layers at one end for asufficient distance to eventually permit adjacent ends of each1This test method is under
14、 the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Tire Cord and Fabrics.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2004. Published October 2004. Originallypublished as D 4393 85. Last previous edition D 4393 02.2Iyengar, Y., “Adhesion Behavior of Nyl
15、on Tire Cord/Adhesive/Rubber Sys-tems,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol 13, 1969, pp. 353363.3Wenghoefer, H. M., “Environmental Effects on RFL Adhesion,” RubberChemistry and Technology, Vol 47, No. 5, December 1974, pp. 10661073.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.ast
16、m.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.5Discontinued 1990Replaced by D 4776, D 4777.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoh
17、ocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.fabric layer to be separated after curing and grasped separatelyin the jaws of a tensile testing machine. The pad is cured in aplunger-type mold (Fig. 3) and cut into straps in the longdirection, parallel to that of the cords. The force to peel onefabric layer fro
18、m the other is determined in a recording tensiletesting machine.4.2 Strap Peel Adhesion From Tire Cord FabricTwopieces, approximately 100 mm (4 in.) square, are cut fromwoven fabric. These pieces are assembled on a clean flatsurface with sheeted rubber compound and a separating mate-rial to accompli
19、sh a structure like that of Fig. 2. The assembledtest pad is cured between heated platens rather than in theplunger-type mold of Fig. 3. Straps are cut from the cured padin its long direction parallel to the cords, and the force to peelone fabric layer from the other is determined in a recordingtens
20、ile test machine.4.3 Strap Peel Adhesion From Tire Chafer Fabric, Con-veyor Belt Duck, Multi-warp Conveyor Belt, and Other Adhe-sive Treated Fabrics Other Than Tire Cord FabricTest padsare prepared as in 4.2. Straps may be prepared and cut toaccomplish a peel force in either the warp direction or 90
21、 to(across) the warp direction, as agreed between buyer and seller.Separate straps are prepared for warp and across-warp direc-tion except in special cases (see 10.4).4.4 Strap Peel Adhesion Simulating Composites Cut FromCross-ply TiresFour layers of weftless or woven fabric areassembled with each a
22、djacent cord layer insulated by rubberand assembled to provide cord direction in each layer 90 toeach adjacent layer. Straps are cut to provide peeling betweenthe two middle cord layers with peel force direction 45 to thelongitudinal axis of the cords.NOTE 1Laydown of cord to a specified number of c
23、ords per metre uses the principles of thread cutting on a machining lathe.FIG. 1 Rotatable Drum and Guide ArrangementFIG. 2 Assembly of Components into a Pad from Which Seven Adhesion Specimens (Straps) May Be Cut After CuringD43930425. Significance and Use5.1 Single Test Cord Adhesive treating of c
24、ords singly oradhesive treating individual ends simultaneously (referred to as“multi-cord treating” as opposed to “fabric treating”) andwinding the cords as single ends is the most common labora-tory method of preparing reinforcement materials for evalua-tion in reinforced rubber articles such as ti
25、res, belts, and hoses.This system of adhesive treating facilitates the study of a largenumber of adhesion variables at minimum cost. This testmethod provides a good comparison of variables on adhesionbecause it produces both an average numerical value of peelforce over several linear centimetres of
26、cord and providesconvenient specimens for assessing appearance (see 11.3) ofthe peeled area as well. It may be used for purchase specifi-cation requirements for adhesive treated cords, steel tire cord,adhesives, rubber compounds, or manufacturing control ofsuch products.5.1.1 Preparation of weftless
27、 fabric from single cord is notrecommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipmentsof tire cord fabric because single cords of long length cannot beconveniently obtained from fabric for drumwinding. See 5.2.2.5.1.2 This test method is usually not preferred for accep-tance testing of commercial
28、 shipments of adhesive treatedcord, such as single end cord for hose. The more usual andconvenient method for acceptance testing of such single cordsis to prepare from a shipment a test piece or article in the samemanner as the commercial article to be produced and to testcord-adhesion characteristi
29、cs in this piece in a manner thatcompares its adhesion characteristics against a previouslyestablished, acceptable control. “H” and“ U” tests (Test Meth-ods D 2138) provide convenient and rapid adhesion results foracceptance testing of textile cords if needed. For steel cord,Test Method D 2229 provi
30、des convenient and rapid adhesionresults.Dimension mm in. Dimension mm in.A 200 8 J 838B 225 9 K 130 5C 300 12 L 35 112D 300 12 M 115 412E502N2F 325 112 P514G138 R318H314 S1512TFIG. 3 Strap Peel Adhesion Testing Specimen MoldD43930435.2 Using Woven FabricThe woven fabric method of4.2-4.4 is often ch
31、osen for rapid adhesion testing of textilewoven fabric being adhesive treated in large volume. Fabric istested “as is” and, through experience, constitutes a valuableprocess control tool. The same basic test can be convenientlyexecuted by the receiving customer for process control pur-poses by sampl
32、ing rubberized fabric from that to be processedinto finished rubber articles.5.2.1 This test method may be used for acceptance testing ofcommercial shipments of adhesive treated fabric, but duplicatenumerical values for peel force and appearance are not to beexpected between two testing locations. R
33、ubber compounddifferences are only one of many parameters affecting peelforce and appearance. Nevertheless, the expected range ofvalues which characterize acceptable adhesion can be deter-mined in any cord-rubber combination with experience. Forthis reason, the buyer normally establishes a minimum l
34、evel ofadhesion to be obtained by the seller in the sellers laboratoryusing either the sellers standard rubber compound or thebuyers rubber compound on the fabric made to the buyersspecification.5.2.2 In case of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using Test Method D 4393
35、 foracceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser andthe supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine ifthere is statistical bias between their laboratories. Competentstatistical help is recommended for the investigation of bias. Asa minimum, the two parties should take a group
36、 of testspecimens which are as homogeneous as possible and whichare from a lot of material of the type in question. The testspecimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbersto each laboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories should be compared using Students t-test
37、 forunpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by thetwo parties before testing began. If a bias is found, either itscause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light ofthe known bias.6. Apparatus and Materials6.
38、1 Rotatable Drum, to build weftless cord-rubber fabric atleast 230 mm (9 in.) long in warp direction and 230 mm wide.(Fig. 1).6.2 Curing Press, capable of exerting a force of at least 64kN (14 400 lbf), equipped with 300 by 300-mm (12 by 12-in.)platens or larger, and capable of being controlled to w
39、ithin 2C.6.3 Plunger-Type Curing Mold, 225 by 200 mm (9 by 8 in.),in accordance with Fig. 3.6.4 Tensile Testing MachineAlthough a CRE tensile test-ing machine (constant-rate-of extension) is preferred, a CRTType (constant-rate-of traverse, pendulum type) may be used.The specifications and methods of
40、 calibration and verificationof these machines shall conform to Specification D 76. Thetesting machine shall be equipped with an autographic recorder(rectilinear coordinates preferred) and flat faced clamps of thecam or pneumatic type.6.5 Rubber Solvent, with boiling point in the range from 40to 150
41、C (104 to 302F).6.6 Sheeted Rubber Compound, (sometimes called skimstock) supported on holland cloth or other non-stick separatingmaterial. The recommended thickness (gage) of the skim stockvaries from 0.4 mm (0.015 in.) for tire cord to 2.0 mm (0.080in.) for heavy, multiple-warp conveyor belt fabri
42、cs.6.6.1 Rubber stock properties are best maintained by stor-age in a cool, dry atmosphere. Excessive rubber stock moisturemay lower adhesion of some fiber/rubber composites. Storageat 25C and 30 % relative humidity has been found satisfac-tory. Rubber moisture content less than 0.40 % does not affe
43、ctadhesion of most rubber/cord combinations.6.6.2 Rubber compounds exhibit wide variations in shelflife (properties suitable for good adhesion results) dependentupon both composition and storage condition. Adhesion testcompounds are usually replaced after six months; however,some may require replace
44、ment within a few weeks.6.7 Chafer Fabric, for use as backing fabric in building andtesting certain cords, especially steel cord (See 9.1.4).7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing,take at random the number of primary sampling units directedin an applicable material specifica
45、tion or other agreementbetween the purchaser and the supplier. Consider shippingcontainers of cord and rolls of fabric to be the primarysampling units. Exercise caution in sampling and handling sothat samples receive minimum exposure to ambient atmo-sphere prior to rubber embedment.NOTE 1A realistic
46、 specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variabilitybetween primary shipping units and within primary shipping units so as toprovide a sampling plan with meaningful producers risk, consumers risk,acceptable quality level, and limiting q
47、uality level.7.2 Laboratory SampleAs a laboratory sample for accep-tance testing, proceed as follows:7.2.1 For cord, take at random the number of packages pershipping container in the lot sample directed in an applicablematerial specification or other agreement between the pur-chaser and the supplie
48、r.7.2.2 For fabric, take a full-width swatch at least1m(1yd)long from the outside of each roll of fabric in the lot sample,after first discarding all fabric from the outside of the rolls thatcontains creases, fold marks, disturbed weave, or contamina-tion by foreign material.7.3 Test Specimens Take
49、test specimens as follows:7.3.1 For cord, prepare 2 specimens from each package inthe laboratory sample as directed in Sections 8 and 9.7.3.2 For fabric, prepare one specimen from each swatch inthe laboratory sample as directed in Section 9.8. Preparation of Weftless Fabric8.1 Affix a section of skim stock on holland cloth to surfaceof the rotatable drum with skim exposed to receive cords in 8.2.8.2 Lay test cords with controlled spacing across the face ofthe skim stock at 1 to 2 N tension. Table 1 specifies cordspacing to be used.D43930448.2
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