ASTM D4410-2016 Terminology for Fluvial Sediment《河流沉积术语》.pdf

1、Designation: D4410 16Terminology forFluvial Sediment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4410; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year o

2、f last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These terms are to be used by persons involved incollecting, reporting, and interpreting information pertaining tosedimentation and hydrologic processes as they apply in thedeve

3、lopment, use, control, and conservation of water and landresources.1.2 Some listed terms and definitions are from other ASTMstandards and the source document is given in bold type at theend of the definition.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measureme

4、nt are included in thisstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5614 Test Method for Open Channel Flow Measurementof Water with Broad-Crested WeirsD5640 Guide for Selection of Weirs and Flumes for Open-Channel Flow Measurement of WaterD5674 Guide for Operation of a Gaging StationD6855 Te

5、st Method for Determination of Turbidity Below 5NTU in Static ModeD6698 Test Method for On-Line Measurement of TurbidityBelow 5 NTU in WaterD7937 Test Method for In-situ Determination of TurbidityAbove 1 Turbidity Unit (TU) in Surface Water3. Terminology3.1 Terms and Definitions:accelerated erosion,

6、 nerosion at a rate greater than geologicor natural erosion.DISCUSSIONAccelerated erosion is usually associated with anthro-pogenic activities and usually reduces plant cover and increases runoff.accretion, na process of sediment accumulation.agglomeration or flocculation, nthe coalescence of dis-pe

7、rsed suspended matter into large flocs or particles whichsettle rapidly.aggradation, nthe geologic process by which stream beds,flood plains, and the bottoms of other water bodies are raisedin elevation by the deposition of material eroded andtransported by water from other areas.alluvial channel, n

8、see alluvial stream.alluvial deposit, nsediment deposited by the action ofmoving water.alluvial fans, nsediment deposited in the shape of a segmentof a cone formed because of a sudden flattening of a streamgradient especially at debouchures of tributaries on mainstream flood plains.alluvial stream,

9、na stream whose boundary is composed ofappreciable quantities of the sediments transported by theflow and which generally changes its bed forms as the rate offlow changes.alluviation, nthe process of accumulating sediment depositsat places where the flow is retarded.alluvium, na general term for all

10、 fluvial deposits resultingdirectly or indirectly from the sediment transport of (mod-ern) streams, thus including the sediments laid down inriverbeds, flood plains, lakes, fans, and estuaries.ambient light, nlight or optical path or both that does notoriginate from the light source of a turbidimete

11、r. D7937antidunes, nbed forms that occur at a velocity higher thanthat velocity which forms dunes and plane beds.DISCUSSIONAntidunes commonly move upstream, and are accom-panied by, and in phase with, waves on the water surface.armoring, nthe formation of a resistant layer of relativelylarge particl

12、es by erosion of the finer particles.attenuation, nthe amount of incident light that is scatteredand absorbed before reaching a detector, which is geometri-cally centered at 180 relative to the centerline of theincident light beam. D7937DISCUSSIONAttenuation is inversely proportional to transmitteds

13、ignal.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Waterand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.07 on Sediments,Geomorphology, and Open-Channel Flow.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016. Published February 2016. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition

14、approved in 2010 as D4410 10. DOI:10.1520/D4410-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright

15、ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Attenuated Turbidity 5 Absorbed Light1Scattered Light (1)DISCUSSIONThe application of attenuation in this test method is asa distinct means of measuring turbidity. When measured in the FAU orAU mo

16、de, the turbidity value is a combination of scattered (attenuated)light plus absorbed light. The scattered light is affected by particle sizeand is a positive response. The absorption due to color is a negativeresponse. The sum of these two responses results in the turbidity valuein the appropriate

17、unit.automatic power control (APC), nthe regulation of lightpower from a source such that illumination of the sampleremains constant with time and temperature. D7937avulsion, na sudden, natural change of a stream channel, sothat the water flows elsewhere than in its previous course.bag sampler, na s

18、ampler that utilizes a collapsible bag as thesample collection container.base flow, nstream flow that is sustained by ground waterand other delayed sources.bed-load, nmaterial moving on or near the stream bed byrolling, sliding, and skipping.bed-load discharge, nthe quantity of bed-load passing acro

19、ss section of a stream in a unit of time.bed-load sampler, na device for sampling the bed-load.bed material, nthe sediment mixture of which the streambed is composed.bed-material discharge, nthat part of the total sedimentdischarge composed of grain sizes occurring in appreciablequantities in the be

20、d material.bed-material load, nthat part of the total load which iscomposed of particle sizes present in appreciable quantitiesin the shifting portions of the stream bed.broadband, white-light source, na visible-light source thathas a full bandwidth at half of the sources maximumintensity (FWHM) loc

21、ated at wavelengths greater than 200nm. D7937DISCUSSIONTungsten-filament lamps (TFLs) and white LEDs areexamples of broadband sources.bottomset bed, nfine-grained material (usually silts andclays) slowly deposited on the bed of a quiescent body ofwater which may in time be buried by foreset beds and

22、 topsetbeds.boulder size (fluvial sediment), nlarger than 256 mm indiameter.braided river, na wide- and shallow-river where the flowpasses through a number of small interlaced channelsseparated by bars or shoals.calibration turbidity standard, na turbidity standard that istraceable and equivalent to

23、 the reference turbidity standardto within defined accuracy; commercially prepared 4000NTU Formazin, stabilized formazin, and styrenedivinylben-zene (SDVB) are calibration turbidity standards. D7937DISCUSSIONThese standards may be used to calibrate the instru-ment. All meters should read equivalent

24、values for formazin standards.SDVB-standard readings are instrument specific and should not be usedon meters that do not have defined values specified for that instrument.Calibration standards that exceed 10 000 turbidity units are commer-cially available.calibration-verification standards, ndefined

25、 standards usedto verify the instrument performance in the measurementrange of interest. D7937DISCUSSIONCalibration-verification standards may not be used toadjust instrument calibration, but only to check that the instrumentmeasurements are in the expected range. Examples of calibration-verificatio

26、n standards are opto-mechanical light-scatter devices, gel-like standards, or any other type of stable liquid standard. Calibration-verification standards may be instrument-design specific.channel, na natural or artificial waterway that periodically orcontinuously contains moving water.channel-fill

27、deposits, ndeposits of sediment within achannel, partly or completely filling the channel.DISCUSSIONSuch materials accumulate where the transporting ca-pacity has been insufficient to remove it as rapidly as it has beendelivered.classic gully, na channel that is formed by gully erosion andis not int

28、errupted by mechanical tillage operations to fill theresulting void.DISCUSSIONGully depth can exceed 30 m. (see gully erosion.)clay size (fluvial sediment), n0.00024 to 0.004 mm indiameter.coagulation, nthe agglomeration of colloidal or finely di-vided suspended matter caused by the addition to the

29、liquidof an appropriate chemical coagulant, by biologicalprocesses, or by other means (see also agglomeration).cobble size (fluvial sediment), n64 to 256 mm in diameter.cohesive sediments, nthat material whose resistance toinitial movement or erosion depends upon the strength of thebond between part

30、icles.colloids (fluvial sediment), nsmaller than 0.00024 mm indiameter.colluvial deposits, nthat material accumulated along valleymargins by mass movements from the adjacent hillsides.color, nthe hue (red, yellow, blue, etc.) of a water sampleproduced by the combination of: the selective absorption

31、ofvisible light, the spectral reflectivity, and the degree ofdarkness or blackness of suspended matter. D7937DISCUSSIONThe combination above is defined by the Munsellcolor-classification scheme.3composite sample, na sample formed by combining two ormore individual samples or representative portions

32、of thesamples.concentration (volume), nthe ratio of the volume of drysediment to the volume of the water-sediment mixture.3Munsell Color Classification System, available from: http:/ .D4410 162concentration of sediment (by mass), nthe ratio of the massof dry sediment in a water-sediment mixture to t

33、he mass ofthe mixture.critical flow, nopen channel flow in which the energy,expressed in terms of depth plus velocity head, is a minimumfor a given flow rate and channel. D5614DISCUSSIONThe Froude number is unity at critical flow.debris, nas applied to geologic debris flows, a mixture ofloose, poorl

34、y-sorted rock fragments or soil material, or both,potentially ranging from clay to boulder-size particles thatmay include fragmental organic matter and other exoticdetritus.degradation, nthe geologic process by which stream beds,flood plains, the bottoms of other water bodies, and otherland surfaces

35、 are lowered in elevation by the removal ofmaterial by fluids.delivery rate, nuse sediment delivery ratio or sedimentyield, whichever is meant.delta, na sediment deposit formed where moving water isslowed by a slower moving body of water.density, nthe mass of a substance per unit volume, in kg/Lor k

36、g/m3.DISCUSSIONUse sfor density of solid particles, wfor water, dfordry sediment with voids, satfor saturated sediment, wetfor wetsediment, and bfor submerged sediment (buoyant weight).density current, nthe movement of one fluid under, through,or over another fluid of differing density.deposition, n

37、the chemical, mechanical, or biological pro-cesses through which sediments accumulate in a restingplace.depth-integrated sample, na discharge-weighted (velocity-weighted) sample of water-sediment mixture collected at oneor more verticals in accordance with the technique of depthintegration; the disc

38、harge of any property of the sampleexpressible as a concentration can be obtained as the productof the concentration and the water discharge represented bythe sample.depth-integrating sediment sampler, na device that col-lects a representative water-sediment mixture at all pointsalong the sampling v

39、ertical.depth integration, na method of sampling at every pointthroughout a given depth (the sampled depth) whereby thewater-sediment mixture is collected isokinetically so that thecontribution from each point is proportional to the streamvelocity at the point.DISCUSSIONThis process yields a sample

40、with properties that aredischarge weighted over the sampled depth. Ordinarily, depth integra-tion is performed by traversing either a depth- or point-integratingsampler vertically at an acceptably slow and constant rate; however,depth integration can also be accomplished with vertical slot samplers.

41、detector, na solid-state device that converts light into elec-trical current or voltage. D7937detector angle, nthe angle between the axis of the detectoracceptance cone and the axis of the source light or NIRbeam. D7937DISCUSSIONThe detector angle equals 180 .( is the scatteringangle.)diameter, sedi

42、mentation, nthe diameter of a hypotheticalsphere of the same specific gravity and the same settlingvelocity as the given particle in the same fluid.direct-measuring bed-load sampler, na device whichphysically collects and holds bed load.discharge (water), nthe volume of water flowing through across-

43、section in a unit of time, including sediment or othersolids that may be dissolved in or mixed with the water;usually cubic feet per second (f3/s), or cubic metres persecond (m3/s). D5674dispersed system, nin laboratory analysis of grain sizes, aninitial condition whereby the particles begin to sett

44、le from astirred mixture; when stirring stops, each particle settlesindependently of other particles.dissolved load, nthe part of the stream load that is carried asdissolved solids.dissolved solids, nthe mass of constituents in a filtered watersample.DISCUSSIONFor operational purposes, the filter po

45、re is usually0.00045 mm.drainage basin, nsee watershed.dunes (stream), nbed forms of coarse sediment, generallytransverse to the direction of flow, with a triangular profilehaving a gentle upstream slope.DISCUSSIONDunes advance downstream by the movement of sedi-ment along the upstream slope and by

46、the deposition of sediment on thesteep downstream slope. Dunes move downstream at low velocitiescompared to the stream flow velocity.ephemeral gully, na channel that is formed by gully erosionon cropland and that is routinely but temporarily obscured bymechanical operations such as tilling.equal-dis

47、charge-increment (EDI) method, na procedurefor obtaining the discharge weighted suspended-sedimentconcentration of flow at a cross section whereby depthintegration is performed at the centers of three or more equalflow segments of the cross section.DISCUSSIONIf approximately equal volumes of water-s

48、edimentmixture are collected from each flow segment, the samples may becomposited for analysis. If unequal volumes are collected, samplesfrom each flow segment must be analyzed separately and the resultscombined mathematically.equal-width-increment (EWI) method, na procedure ofobtaining the discharg

49、e weighted suspended-sediment con-centration of flow at a cross section by performing depthintegration at a series of verticals equally spaced across thecross section and using the same vertical transit rate at allsampling verticals.fall velocity, nthe settling rate of a particle in a givenmedium.D4410 163filtrate, nthe fluid that has passed through a filter.filtration, nthe process of passing a liquid through a porousmedium for the removal of suspended matter.fine