1、Designation: D 4418 00 (Reapproved 2006)An American National StandardStandard Practice forReceipt, Storage, and Handling of Fuels forGas Turbines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4418; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、 the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the receipt, storage, and handling offuels for gas turbines,
3、except for gas turbines used in aircraft.It is intended to provide guidance for the control of substancesin a fuel that could cause deterioration of either the fuel system,or the gas turbine, or both.1.2 This practice provides no guidance for either the selec-tion of a grade of fuel, a topic covered
4、 by Specification D 2880,or for the safety aspects of the fuel and fuel systems. Forexample, this practice does not address the spacings of storagetanks, loading and unloading facilities, etc., and procedures fordealing with the flammability and toxic properties of the fuels.1.3 The values stated in
5、 SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and hea
6、lth practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Prod-ucts (ASTM Color Scale)D 1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils bythe Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Proce
7、dure)D 2274 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of DistillateFuel Oil (Accelerated Method)D 2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Avia-tion Fuel by Line SamplingD 2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel OilsD 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 6469 Guide
8、for Microbial Contamination in Fuels andFuel Systems3. Terminology3.1 fuel entering the combustor(s)this term is used todesignate the fuel that is actually burned in the gas turbine.Fuel may actually be sampled at a point upstream from thepoint of entry into the combustor(s), provided the sample isr
9、epresentative of the fuel actually entering the combustor(s).3.2 fuel contaminantsin principle, are any fuel componentother than hydrocarbon oils. In the present context the con-taminants are foreign materials that make the fuel less suitableor even unsuitable for the intended use. The contaminants
10、ofprimary interest are foreign materials introduced subsequent tothe manufacture of specification quality fuel. Hence they arematerials introduced in the distribution system (that is storagetanks, pipelines, tank, trucks, barges, etc.), or in the usersstorage and handling systems, or generated withi
11、n thesesystems (rust generated in steel pipes and tanks by moist fuel,etc.). Contaminants may be soluble or insoluble in the fuel.3.3 dissolved and free waterwater may be present in thefuel as dissolved water or as “free” (undissolved) water, orboth. The free water may be fresh or saline. Fresh wate
12、r mayenter the fuel from steam coils in storage tanks, from conden-sation out of moisture-laden air, or from leaking cooling coils.Saline water can enter the fuel during transportation in bargesor tankers.3.4 particulate solidsmay enter a fuel from the air (sus-pended dirt and aerosols) or from the
13、distribution and storagesystems (rust, corrosion products, gasket debris, and so forth).3.5 metallic compoundsmetals may be present as metalliccompounds in the fuel as a natural result of the composition ofthe crude oil and of the refining process. However, unlessspecial precautions are taken, addit
14、ional metallic compounds1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.E0 onBurner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published June 2006. O
15、riginallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 4418 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page o
16、nthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.can be acquired during distribution and storage. A commercialproduct pipeline may contain residues of lead-containinggasoline that would then be dissolved by the gas t
17、urbine fuel.Tank trucks, railroad tankcars, barges, and tankers may beinadequately cleaned and contain residues of past cargos.Acidic components in saline water salts in the fuel may reactwith distribution and storage equipment.3.6 microbial slimesmay result when conditions are con-ducive to the gro
18、wth of microorganisms that are alwayspresent. The presence of free water is essential to the growth ofmany of these microorganisms that grow in tank water bottomsand feed on nutrients in the water or on the hydrocarbons.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The body of this practice defines the contaminantsfreq
19、uently found in turbine fuel oils and discusses the sourcesand significance of such contaminants.4.2 Annex A1 is a guide for the receipt, storage, andhandling of distillate gas turbine fuels, Grades 1-GT and 2-GT,in accordance with Specification D 2880.4.3 Annex A2 is a guide for the receipt, storag
20、e, andhandling of gas turbine fuels, Grades 3-GT and 4-GT, thatcontain residual components.4.4 Annex A3 is a guide for the selection and storage offuels intended for long-term storage, when such fuels aredistillate fuels.4.5 Annex A4 is a guide for gas turbine users who areconsidering the use of fue
21、ls from alternative non-petroleumsources.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice provides the user of gas turbine fuel oilsand the designer of gas turbine fuel systems with an apprecia-tion of the effects of fuel contaminants and general methods ofcontrolling such contaminants in gas turbine fuel s
22、ystems.5.2 This practice is general in nature and should not beconsidered a substitute for any requirement imposed by war-ranty of the gas turbine manufacturer, or by federal, state, orlocal government regulations.5.3 Although it cannot replace a knowledge of local condi-tions or the use of good eng
23、ineering and scientific judgment,this practice does provide guidance in development of indi-vidual fuel management systems for the gas turbine user.6. Significance of Contaminants6.1 Contamination levels in the fuel entering the combus-tor(s) must be low for improved turbine life. Low contamina-tion
24、 levels in the fuel in the turbines in-plant fuel system arerequired to minimize corrosion and operating problems. Pro-viding fuel of adequate cleanliness to the gas turbine combus-tor(s) may require special actions by the user. These actionsmight include special transportation arrangements with the
25、 fuelsupplier, particular care in on-site fuel storage and qualitycontrol procedures, and establishment of on-site cleanup pro-cedures. Each of the four classes of contaminants defined in 3.2has its own significance to system operation.6.1.1 Waterwill cause corrosion of tanks, piping, flow di-viders
26、, and pumps. Corrosion or corrosion products in close-tolerance devices, such as flow dividers, may cause pluggingand may stop flow to the turbines. Free water is potentiallycorrosive in sulfur-containing fuels, it may be particularlycorrosive. Free water may contain dissolved salts that may becorro
27、sive, and may encourage microbiological growth.6.1.2 Particulate solidsmay shorten the life of fuel systemcomponents. Life of fuel pumps and of various close-tolerancedevices is a function of particulate levels and size distributionsin the fuel. High levels of particulates can lead to short cycletim
28、es in the operation of filters, filter/separators, centrifuges,and electrostatic purifiers. Since such separation devices do notremove all the particulates, certain quantities will be present inthe down-stream fuel.6.1.3 Trace metalsrefer both to those metals present asmetallic compounds in solution
29、 and to metals present inparticulates like rust. They are dissolved or suspended either inthe fuel hydrocarbons or in free water present in the fuel. Thesignificance of several individual trace metals with respect tohot corrosion is discussed in 6.1.4 through 6.1.5. Althoughlower levels of trace met
30、als in a fuel will promote longerturbine service from a corrosion standpoint, the specification ofexcessively low levels may limit the availability of the fuel ormaterially increase its cost. Table 1 suggests levels of tracemetals that would probably yield satisfactory service.6.1.4 Ashis the noncom
31、bustible material in an oil. Ashform-ing materials may be present in fuel oil in two forms: (1) solidparticles, and (2) oil- or water-soluble metallic compounds.The solid particles are for the most part the same material thatis designated as sediment in the water and sediment test.Depending on their
32、 size, these particles can contribute to wearin the fuel system and to plugging of the fuel filter and the fuelnozzle. The soluble metallic compounds have little or no effecton wear or plugging, but they can contain elements thatproduce turbine corrosion and deposits as described in 6.1.5.6.1.5 Vana
33、dium and LeadFuel contaminants might in-clude soluble compounds such as vanadium porphyrins, me-tallic soaps, or tetraethyl lead that cannot be removed from thefuel at the gas-turbine site.6.1.5.1 Vanadiumcan form low melting compounds such asvanadium pentoxide which melts at 691C (1275F), andcauses
34、 severe corrosive attack on all of the high-temperaturealloys used for gas-turbine blades. If there is sufficient magne-sium in the fuel, it will combine with the vanadium to formcompounds with higher melting points and thus reduce thecorrosion rate to an acceptable level. The resulting ash willform
35、 deposits in the turbine and will require appropriatecleaning procedures.TABLE 1 Trace Metal Limits of Fuel Entering TurbineCombustor(s)DesignationTrace Metal Limits by Weight, max, ppmVanadiumSodium plusPotassiumCalcium LeadNo. 0-GT 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5No. 1-GT 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5No. 2-GT 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5No.
36、 3-GT 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5No. 4-GT (Consult turbine manufacturers)D 4418 00 (2006)26.1.5.2 When vanadium is present in more than traceamounts either in excess of 0.5 ppm or a level recommendedby the turbine manufacturer, it is necessary to maintain aweight ratio of magnesium to vanadium in the fuel of no
37、t lessthan 3.0 in order to control corrosion.6.1.5.3 An upper limit of 3.5 is suggested since larger ratioswill lead to unnecessarily high rates of ash deposition. In mostcases, the required magnesium-to-vanadium ratio will beobtained by additions of magnesium-containing compounds tothe fuel oil. Th
38、e special requirements covering the addition andtype of magnesium-containing additive, or equivalent, shall bespecified by mutual agreement between the various interestedparties. The additive will vary depending on the application,but it is always essential that there is a fine and uniformdispersion
39、 of the additive in the fuel at the point of combustion.6.1.5.4 For gas turbines operating at turbine-inlet gas tem-peratures below 650C (1200F), the corrosion of the high-temperature alloys is of minor importance, and the use of asilicon-base additive will further reduce the corrosion rate byabsorp
40、tion and dilution of the vanadium compounds.6.1.5.5 Leadcan cause corrosion, and in addition it can spoilthe beneficial inhibiting effect of magnesium additives onvanadium corrosion. Since lead is only rarely found in signifi-cant quantities in crude oils, its appearance in the fuel oil isprimarily
41、the result of contamination during processing ortransportation.6.1.6 Sodium, Potassium, and CalciumFuel contaminantsmight also include fuel-insoluble materials such as water, salt,or dirt, potential sources of sodium, potassium, and calcium.These are normally removed at the gas-turbine site, unless
42、suchcontaminants are extremely finely divided.6.1.6.1 Sodium and Potassium can combine with vanadiumto form eutectics that melt at temperatures as low as 566C(1050F) and can combine with sulfur in the fuel to yieldsulfates with melting points in the operating range of the gasturbine. These compounds
43、 produce severe corrosion, and forturbines operating at gas inlet temperatures above 650C(1200F), additives are not yet in general use that control suchcorrosion.6.1.6.2 Accordingly, the sodium-plus-potassium level mustbe limited, but each element is measured separately. Some gasturbine installation
44、s incorporate systems for washing oil withwater to reduce the sodium-plus-potassium level. In installa-tions where the fuel is moved by sea transport, the sodium-plus-potassium level should be checked prior to use to ensurethat the oil has not become contaminated with sea salt. For gasturbines opera
45、ting at turbine inlet gas temperatures below650C (1200F), the corrosion due to sodium compounds is ofminor importance and can be further reduced by silicon-baseadditives. A high sodium content is even beneficial in theseturbines because it increases the water-solubility of the depos-its and thereby
46、increases the ease with which gas turbines canbe water-washed to obtain recovery of the operating perfor-mance.6.1.6.3 CalciumCalcium is not harmful from a corrosionstandpoint: in fact, it serves to inhibit the corrosive action ofvanadium. However, calcium can lead to hard-bonded depositsthat are no
47、t self-spalling when the gas turbine is shut down, andare not readily removed by water washing of the turbine. Thefuel-washing systems, used at some gas turbine installations toreduce the sodium and potassium level, will also significantlylower the calcium content of fuel oil.6.1.7 Microbial SlimesM
48、icrobial slimes caused by micro-organisms can plug filters and other close-tolerance openings.Some organisms can cause corrosion as well as produce slimes.Under anaerobic conditions, hydrogen sulfide, which maycause corrosion, can be generated by biological action. Bio-cides are available for contro
49、lling the growth of microorgan-isms, but their effect on trace metal levels and other fuelproperties should be considered. Since water is required for thegrowth of the microorganisms, one way of controlling theirgrowth is to eliminate the presence of water through tank-stripping operations or other separation techniques. Refer toGuide D 6469 for a more complete discussion.7. Keywords7.1 contaminants; fuel handling; fuel storage; gas turbinefuelsANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. PRACTICE FOR THE RECEIPT, STORAGE, AND HANDLING OF DISTILLATE TURBINE FUELSA1.1 Scope
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