1、Designation: D4504 94 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Specification forMolded Polyethylene Open-Head-Pails for IndustrialShipping of Nonhazardous Goods1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4504; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers molded polyethylene, open-head, self-supporting, nonreusab
3、le pails intended for the pack-aging and transportation of nonhazardous goods. Pails are tohave volume capacities between 1 and 7 gal (3.8 to 26.5 L).1.2 Pails intended to contain hazardous goods (materials)shall be in accordance with and tested to United StatesDepartment of Transportation Code of F
4、ederal Regulations(CFR) Title 49, Parts (100199).1.3 The purpose of this specification is to establish perfor-mance requirements and test methods for molded open-headpolyethylene pails.1.4 Additives for the resin used and design of the pails areleft to the discretion of the supplier, within the allo
5、wable limitsof regulatory and performance requirements.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 The following safety hazar
6、ds caveat pertains to the testmethod portions, Section 10, of this specification: This stan-dard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, ifany, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determ
7、ine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD999 Test Methods for
8、Vibration Testing of Shipping Con-tainersD1972 Practice for Generic Marking of Plastic ProductsD1975 Test Method for Environmental Stress Crack Resis-tance of Plastic Injection Molded Open Head PailsD4577 Test Method for Compression Resistance of a Con-tainer Under Constant LoadD5276 Test Method for
9、 Drop Test of Loaded Containers byFree FallE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines2.2 Other Documents:National Motor Freight Classification (NMFC)3Uniform Freight Classification (UFC)4Code of Federal Regulations Title 49 Parts 100199 (CFR49)53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitio
10、ns of terms used in this speci-fication, see Terminology D996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 open-head paila pail with a full-diameter unre-stricted opening at the top, and designed to be carried by hand.The pail body is usually of a tapered design to provide fornesting of
11、pails during transportation and storage, prior tofilling of contents. After filling of contents, the pail lid isapplied to the pail body, providing a sealed container forstorage and shipment of the contents. The pail lid may alsohave openings or fitments to allow for dispensing of contentswithout re
12、moving the lid. These openings are sealed withclosures.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe definition for open-head pail forhazardous materials differs (see Section 49 CFR Parts 100 to199).1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommit
13、tee D10.21 on ShippingContainers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011. Published November 2011. Originallyapproved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D4504 94 (2005)1.DOI: 10.1520/D4504-94R11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit
14、 the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Motor Freight Traffic Association, Inc. (NMFTA),1001 N. Fairfax St., Suit
15、e 600, Alexandria, VA 22314, http:/www.nmfta.org.4Available from National Railroad Freight Committee, Suite 1120, 222 SouthRiverside Plaza, Chicago, IL 60606.5Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http
16、:/www.access.gpo.gov.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Classification4.1 Products to be packaged in open-head pails may beliquid (Note 1), solid, paste, granular, or powder form.NOTE 1For the purpose of establishing
17、test requirements, a liquid ishere defined as having a viscosity of less than 5.0 Pa.S at a temperature of73.46 3.6F (23 6 2C), using the method described in Test MethodD445.4.2 Molded polyethylene open-head pails are classified asfollows:4.2.1 Pails for liquids.4.2.2 Pails for nonliquids.5. Orderin
18、g Information5.1 A summary of ordering requirements, detailed in othersections of this specification include the following:5.1.1 Materials of construction (see Section 6).5.1.2 Ultraviolet protection (see 6.2).5.1.3 Other materials not specifically covered in this speci-fication (see 6.3 and 6.4).5.
19、1.4 Pail capacity (see 7.2).5.1.5 Closure requirements, including tamper evident fea-ture (see 7.3).5.1.6 Provisions for handling.5.1.7 Compatibility testing (see 7.8 and 7.9).5.1.8 Inspection (see Section 11).5.1.9 Marking (see Section 13).5.1.10 Intended contents.5.1.11 Whether pressure testing is
20、 required.6. Materials6.1 Materials for the construction of the pail shall becompatible with the intended contents. Effects of impact,vibration, temperature, warehouse stacking, and ultravioletexposure should be considered.6.2 If ultraviolet protection is required, it shall be providedby the additio
21、n of carbon black or other suitable pigments withultraviolet stabilizers and inhibitors. These additives should becompatible with the contents and should retain their effective-ness during the life of the pail.6.3 Materials for purposes other than ultraviolet protectionmay be added, provided such ad
22、ditives permit the pail to meetthe requirements of this specification.6.4 Used materials, except regrind from the same concur-rent production process shall not be acceptable for manufac-turing new pails unless otherwise specified.7. Other Requirements7.1 The pail shall show good workmanship such as
23、absenceof flashing, dents, and scratched surfaces.7.2 CapacityPails covered by this specification shall berange in rated (marked) capacity from 1 to 7 gal (3.8 to 26.5 L).Minimum actual liquid capacity shall not be less than ratedcapacity plus 4 %, and maximum actual capacity shall not begreater tha
24、n 4 % above rated capacity plus one quart, measuredwith cover attached and contents and pail at 73.4 6 5F (23.86 3C).7.3 ClosureThe closure for the pail (when used) shall bein compliance with carrier regulatory requirements and shallensure protection of contents from leakage, ease of closure, andrem
25、oval. Gaskets, when used with the closure, and the closure,shall be compatible with the intended contents.7.4 Drop Strength The pails shall show no evidence ofrupture, cracks, or leakage when tested in accordance with10.2.1.7.5 Stacking StrengthTwo vertically stacked pails shallwithstand testing wit
26、hout sidewall buckling sufficient to causedamage and shall have a total top-to-bottom deflection of bothpails of not more than 1 in. (25.4 mm), when tested inaccordance with 10.2.2. In addition, there shall be no evidenceof leakage or sifting of contents from the pail when tested inaccordance with 1
27、0.2.2.2.7.6 Vibration (Stack)The pails shall show no evidence ofrupture, cracks, or leakage when tested in accordance with10.2.3.7.7 Repetitive Shock Test (Optional)The pails shall showno evidence of rupture, cracks, or leakage when tested inaccordance with 10.2.4.7.8 Compatibility, PermeationThe pa
28、il shall perform sat-isfactorily when tested in accordance with 10.2.5.7.9 Resistance to Environmental Stress CrackingThe pailshall perform satisfactorily when tested in accordance with10.2.5.3.7.10 Special RequirementsPail requirements, additionalto those in 7.2 through 7.9, if needed by a purchase
29、r, must bespecified in the procurement document and as agreed betweenpurchaser and supplier.8. Sampling8.1 LottingA lot shall consist of all pails of one size anddesign, produced from the same materials and under essentiallythe same manufacturing conditions and offered for delivery atone time.8.2 Sa
30、mpling Pails Select sample pails for test at randomfrom a continuous production lot. As a minimum, the numberof pails required is 17 as outlined for design qualification tests(see Section 10 and Supplementary Requirements).9. Specimen Preparation9.1 Prepare pail specimens in accordance with NMFC, it
31、em258 and UFC Rule 40, where applicable, and as agreedbetween the pail purchaser and supplier.10. Methods of Testing Pails for Design Qualification10.1 GeneralThe test procedures described in this sectionare to be used to determine physical performance capability ofa specific design and thereby, to
32、qualify such a design under theperformance requirements of this specification. Additionalsampling and testing of these pails, as may be agreed uponbetween purchaser and supplier, is not precluded by thissection. Test methods to determine compatibility of the con-tents (lading) with the pail will dep
33、end on the specific contentsto be contained. If the available technical information and prioruse experience cannot substantiate an application decision, itshall be the responsibility of the shipper of the filled pail toensure that the content is compatible with the pail, and that ifthe content is li
34、quid, that it will not permeate to an extent thatD4504 94 (2011)2a damaging condition could be caused during transportation,storage, and handling.10.2 Specific Test Methods for Design Qualification:10.2.1 Drop Strength Test:10.2.1.1 Perform drop strength test on pails intended fornonhazardous liquid
35、s and nonliquids as follows:10.2.1.2 Perform drop tests in accordance with Test MethodD5276 (without the rupture hazard).10.2.1.3 Conditioning PailsFill each of nine pails to nomore than the marked gross weight at normal outage with thematerial to be contained, or a material of similar density andvi
36、scosity. Securely close the cover, and stabilize the tempera-ture of the pails and contents at 0F (18C). Then exposethem at that temperature for a minimum of 4 h. At the end ofthe temperature conditioning period, remove the pails andimmediately perform the drop test.10.2.1.4 Drop Test Procedure (see
37、 Test Method D5276)Test the pails with a 4 ft. (1.22 m) drop. Use three pails perorientation: ( 1) The pail striking flat on its side, (2)Onthebottom chime with the center of gravity of the pails directlyabove the point of impact, and (3) The pail striking flat on thebottom. Do not use any one pail
38、for more than one drop. Forpails containing liquid, a loss of a few drops through theclosure or gasket area at impact is not to be considered failureif 5 min after dropping, the pails are rolled for a distance equalto twice its circumference, and no further leakage occurs.Otherwise, leakage or sifti
39、ng out of contents constitutes failure.NOTE 2Uniform Freight Classification, Rule 40 and National MotorFreight Classification, Item 258 require a 45 angle at impact.10.2.2 Stacking StrengthThe stacking test shall conformto Test Method D4577. If a compression testing machine isused, it shall be capab
40、le of applying a constant force to anaccuracy of 61 % when determined in accordance with Prac-tices E4.10.2.2.1 Conditioning Pails for Stacking Strength TestFilltwo sample pails with intended contents, or a material ofsimilar properties, to nominal capacity and close securely as iffor use. Expose th
41、e filled pails to a temperature of at least130F (54.4C) for 4 h after its contents have attained atemperature of at least 130F. Immediately proceed to test forstacking strength.10.2.2.2 Stacking Strength Test Procedure (see Test MethodD4577)Stack the one pail on top of the other on a flathorizontal
42、surface in an ambient temperature environment of73.4 6 3.6F (23 6 2C).Apply a top-load mass of 600 lb (272kg) evenly to the top rim of the top pail and leave in place fora minimum of 48 h. Observe for collapse, leakage of contents,and overall stack deflection of both pails at the conclusion ofthe te
43、st period of 48 h. Remove the top pail, then after waitingfor a minimum of 5 min, turn the bottom pail on its side, rollit a distance equivalent to twice its circumference and observefor leakage or sifting of contents. Any leakage or sifting ofcontents constitutes failure.NOTE 3The forces for stacki
44、ng test are a minimum based uponrequirements of NMFC, Item 258 and UFC Rule 40. Consideration shouldbe given to using a stacking force based upon actual shipping experience.NOTE 4Caution: The potential exists for catastrophic failure causingan instability of the applied top load. Precautionary steps
45、 should be taken(that is, through restraining the top load) to reduce the chance of injury tothe operator or damage to surrounding equipment.10.2.3 Vibration Test (Vertical Column Stack ResonanceTest)Test three vertically stacked pails by vibrating asfollows.10.2.3.1 Perform vibration test on pails
46、for nonhazardousliquids and nonliquids in accordance with the vibration testrequirements of NMFC, Item 258, and UFC, Rule 40, using theprocedures of Methods D999, Method C, but restricting theresonant frequency dwell to a vertical linear motion for aperiod of 1 h.10.2.3.2 ResultsRemove each pail fro
47、m the table at onceafter vibrating, and turn it on its side. Then roll it a distanceequal to twice its circumference. Observe for leakage or siftingof contents. Failure of any pail or leakage shall be cause forrejection of the lot (see Section 12).10.2.4 Repetitive Shock Test (Optional):10.2.4.1 The
48、 repetitive shock test shall conform to MethodsD999 (Method A1).10.2.4.2 Condition Pails Fill each of three pails to nomore than the marked gross weight at normal outage with thematerial to be contained, or a material of similar density andviscosity. Securely close the cover and condition to 73.4 63
49、.6F (23 6 2C).10.2.4.3 Perform the repetitive shock test on three pails,oriented in their normal shipping position, in accordance withMethods D999, Method A1, for a period of 1 h. Remove thepails from the table at once after vibrating. Then turn the pailson their sides and rotate them a distance equal to twice itscircumference. Observe for leaking or sifting of contents. Anyleakage or sifting of contents constitutes failure.10.2.5 Compatibility, Permeation, and Environmental StressCrack ResistanceFor each application involving contents
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