1、Designation: D 4510 05Standard Test Method forCounting Partial Cleavages in Wool and Other AnimalFibers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4510; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure, using the micro-projector, for the counting of partial cleavages in wool andother anima
3、l fibers.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Ref
4、erenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for TestingD 2525 Practice for Sampling Wool for MoistureD 4845 Terminology relating to Wool2.2 Other Document:Wool Products Labeling Act of 198333. Terminology3.1 For all terminology relatin
5、g to D13.13, Wool and WoolFelt, refer to Terminology D 4845.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:cashmere, coarse hair, cashmere coarse hair content, cashmeredown, cashmere hair.3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, see Termi-nology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1
6、This test method describes a procedure:4.1.1 The segmenting of various test specimens in prepara-tion for testing,4.1.2 The projection on a screen of magnified images of therandomly sampled short segments of fiber from the small testspecimens, and4.1.3 The measurement of the number of partially clea
7、vedfibers.5. Significance and Use5.1 Test Method D 4510 for the counting of partial cleav-ages, may be used for the acceptance testing of commercialshipments of wool and other animal fibers, but caution isadvised, since information on between-laboratory precision islimited. Comparative tests as dire
8、cted in 5.1.1 may be advis-able.5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using this test method for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there isa statistical bias between t
9、heir laboratories. Competent statis-tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of testspecimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that arefrom a lot of material of the type in question. The testspecimens should then be random
10、ly assigned in equal numbersto each laboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories should be compared using Students t-test forunpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by thetwo parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, eitherits cause must be fou
11、nd and corrected or the purchaser and thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light ofthe known bias.5.2 Chemically damaged or tendered fibers are recognizablemicroscopically by qualified operators and should not becounted as partial cleavages. Such fibers exhibit total loss o
12、fcuticle, severe surface erosion, tenderizing cracks, longitudinalfibrillation, or a combination of these features (see Figs. 1 and2). In a study of deliberately over-carbonized wool at onelaboratory, it was found that when more than 24 tendered fibers1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofAS
13、TM Committee D13 on Textiles,and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Wool Felt.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2005. Published September 2005. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 4510 93(Reapproved 2000).2For referenced ASTM standards
14、, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Act of Congress, “Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939,” 76th Congress, ThirdSession, approv
15、ed October 14, 1939.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.were seen in 1 m, partial cleavage counts were significantlyhigher than on similar fibers that were not overcarbonized.6. Apparatus and Material6.1 Microprojector4Th
16、e microscope shall be equippedwith a fixed body tube, a focusable stage responsive to coarseand fine adjustments, a focusable substage with condenser andiris diaphragm, and a vertically installed adequate light sourceto give a precise magnification of 5003, that is, a 12.5 3 eye-piece and a 21 3 0.5
17、0 numerical aperture objective.6.2 Stage Micrometer5calibrated in intervals of 0.01 mmfor accurate setting and control of the magnification.6.3 Fiber-Sectioning Apparatus:6.3.1 Heavy-Duty Sectioning Device6,7 An instrumentcomprised of a metal plate with a slot and compressing key andequipped with a
18、propulsion mechanism by which the fiberbundle may be extruded for sectioning. The instrument isdesigned to hold a sliver of top or equivalent bulk of fibers, oryarn. (Fig. 3)6.3.2 Safety Razor BladesSingle-edge or double-edgeblades (if used with blade holder).6.3.3 FRL Fiber Cutter8A device comprise
19、d of two razorblades, a threaded pin and an assemblage that will hold theblades rigidly in position. The device, which is operated byapplying pressure vertically downward, cuts fibers approxi-mately 250 m in length (Fig. 3).6.4 Microscope Slides, 25 by 75 mm (1 by 3 in.).6.5 Cover Glasses, No. 1 thi
20、ckness, 22 by 50 mm (78 by 2in.).6.6 Mounting Medium9Colorless immersion oil with arefractive index of 1.480 6 0.005 at 20C (68F), and aviscosity of 78.81 SUS at 37.8C (100F).6.7 Length Gage, made of stiff, white paper 155 mm long,and having thin transverse lines inscribed on it 10 mm fromeach end,
21、so that the distance between the lines shall be 135.06 2.5 mm. The length gage shall be of convenient width (forexample, 30 mm). A satisfactory length gage may also beconstructed of cardboard by inscribing thereon concentriccircles having diameters of 135 mm and 155 mm. This lengthgage has been foun
22、d most suitable for the projected field ofvision of the microprojector recommended with this lengthgage.4Available from R place thespecimen in the slot of the metal plate, compress with the key,and secure with the set screw.10.1.2 Yarn SpecimenPack the assemblage of yarn piecesinto the slot, compres
23、s and secure as directed in 10.1.1.10.1.3 Fabric SpecimenTease out and segregate the warpand filling yarns when of different or unknown composition.Pack the assemblage of warp or filling yarn pieces into the slot,compress, and secure as directed in 10.1.1. If it is known thatwarp and filling yarns a
24、re identical, then the undisturbed pieceof fabric or the teased yarns of the fabric constitute the testspecimen.10.2 Preliminary Sectioning of Specimen Cut off thegripped fibers at the upper and under surfaces of the plate.Extrude the fiber bundle about 0.50 mm to take up slack in thefibers and the
25、propulsion mechanism. Moisten the projectingfibers with a few drops of mounting medium. With a sharprazor blade, cut off this projecting fiber bundle flush with theupper surface of the fiber-holding plate, and discard thesection.FIG. 4 FRL Fiber CutterD451005410.3 Final Sectioning of SpecimenExtrude
26、 the fiberbundle approximately 0.25 mm (250 m). With the razor blade,cut off the projecting fibers flush with the plate, leaving thefiber pieces adhering to the razor blade.10.4 Mounting the Fibers on the Slide Place a few dropsof mounting medium on a clean glass slide. With a dissectingneedle, scra
27、pe the fiber pieces from the blade onto the slide.Thoroughly disperse the fibers in the oil with the dissectingneedle (Fig. 4), and cover the specimen with a cover glass.NOTE 2Use sufficient oil in the preparation of the slide to ensurethorough distribution of the fibers, but an excess must be avoid
28、ed, aspractically no oil should be permitted to flow out or be squeezed outbeyond the borders of the cover glass. If the number of fibers is too greatto permit distribution on the slide, or if an excess of oil has been used,wipe away a portion of the mixture after thorough dispersion of the fibers.N
29、OTE 3Fiber bundles may be extruded to other convenient lengths foruse with other appropriate measuring length gages, as long as the interiordistance of the length gage is between 200 and 300 m on the projectedimage of the segment (see 6.7.).11. Preparation of Slides by Use of the FRL Fiber Cutter11.
30、1 Cutting Specimens:11.1.1 FabricUsing the equipment described in 6.3.3,with the razor blades in alignment and firmly secured, force theblades vertically downward into the warp fringe close to theedge of the fabric. Repeat the operation for the filling yarns. Ifthe warp and filling yarns are the sam
31、e, the cut may be madediagonally, sectioning the warp and filling yarns of the fabric atthe same time. Make a duplicate cut at the opposite side of thefabric. The individual cuts should include between 1500 and2000 fibers, approximately 250 m long.11.1.2 Yarns and Other Fiber Assemblies Cut the pre-
32、pared woolen or worsted specimens with the pieces arrayed asa unit, or other specimens of yarn, roving and the like, in amanner similar to the procedure described in 10.1.1.11.2 Release of Cut SectionRelease the top plate of thedevice, then the blades, holding the ends between the thumband the foref
33、inger of one hand. By careful separation of theblades, the fiber sections will adhere to the edge of either blade.11.3 Mounting the Fibers on the Slide See 10.4.12. Procedure for Counting Partial Cleavages with theMicroprojector12.1 Place the finished slide on the stage of the microprojec-tor, the c
34、over glass to be in the same orientation as stagemicrometer. Scan only those fiber segments that touch orintercept a 100 mm target circle drawn on the surface on whichthe field is projected.12.2 Place one end of the paper length gage at the leadingend of the image of the fiber segment (in the direct
35、ion thesegment is being traversed), or at the bottom end if the segmentis vertical in the field of vision. Examine the portion of thesegment marked off by the chosen section of the length gage todetermine if a partial cleavage is present. Use particular care tofocus critically through the entire thi
36、ckness of each segment sothat a partial cleavage at any place on the circumference of asegment can be seen.12.3 Do not utilize segments that are shorter than the chosensection of the length gage and do not count partial cleavages onsuch short segments. Do not utilize segments of any length thatare c
37、learly recognizable as having been severely damaged ortendered by bacterial, chemical, felting or other extraneousaction (See 5.3 and Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Plate 14).12.4 Count as partial cleavages only transverse damage. Donot record more than one partial cleavage per segment unlesspartia
38、l cleavages are separated by a distance of 25 mm or morealong the segment length, as measured on the projected imageof the segment.12.5 Examine sufficient segments to constitute a total lengthof fiber of at least 1 m (3704 segments if a length gage of 135mm is used).12.6 Record the total number of e
39、ligible segments counted,including those bearing partial cleavages. Record separatelythe total number of partial cleavages counted.13. Calculation13.1 Calculate to the nearest whole number of partialcleavages per meter. If a length gage of 135 mm is used,calculate and record the length of fiber in m
40、eters, using Eq 1.L 5 N/3704 (1)where:L = length of fiber examined, m,N = number of segments examined, and3704 = the number of segments if a length gage of 135 mmis used (see 12.5). Calculate the average number ofpartial cleavages per meter using Eq 2.A 5 S/L (2)where:A = average number of partial c
41、leavages per meter,S = total number of partial cleavages observed, andL = length of fiber examined, m.13.2 If agreed upon by all parties concerned, results may becalculated on other bases, such as the percentage of partialcleavages present per 1000 segments.14. Report14.1 State that the specimens we
42、re tested as directed inMethod D 4510. Describe the material or product sampled andthe method of sampling used.FIG. 5 Dispersion of Fibers on SlideD451005514.2 Calculate to the nearest whole number the number ofpartial cleavages observed per meter of fiber length examined,or on other bases if agreed
43、 upon by all parties concerned.15. Precision and Bias15.1 Intralaboratory Test Data7A within-laboratory testwas run in 1969 at one laboratory in which samples of fourmaterials were tested by two operators, each of whom per-formed three separate meter tests of each material. Thecomponents of variance
44、 for partial cleavage per meter resultsexpressed as standard deviations were calculated to be:Single2operator component 2 5.0 counts per meterWithin2laboratory component 2 3.6 counts per meter15.2 PrecisionFor the components of variance reported in15.1, two averages of observed values should be cons
45、ideredsignificantly different at the 95 % probability level if thedifference equals or exceeds the critical differences listed inTable 1.NOTE 4The tabulated values of the critical differences should beconsidered to be a general statement. Before a meaningful statement canbe made about two specific l
46、aboratories, the amount of statistical biasbetween them, if any, must be established, with each comparison beingbased on recent data obtained on randomized specimens from one sampleof the material to be tested.15.3 BiasThe procedure in this test method for countingpartial cleavages in wool and other
47、 animal fibers has no knownbias and may be used as a reference method.16. Keywords16.1 animal fibers; damage; partial cleavages; woolFIG. 6 (AB)Semi-RuptureFIG. 6 (CE) (continued)D4510056ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any
48、 item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical
49、committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrigh
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