ASTM D4510-2018 Standard Test Method for Counting Partial Cleavages in Wool and Other Animal Fibers.pdf

1、Designation: D4510 18Standard Test Method forCounting Partial Cleavages in Wool and Other AnimalFibers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4510; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi

2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure, using themicroprojector, for the counting of partial cleavages in wooland other animal fib

3、ers.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish

4、appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for t

5、heDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for TestingD2525 Practice for Sampl

6、ing Wool for MoistureD4845 Terminology Relating to Wool2.2 Other Document:Wool Products Labeling Act of 193933. Terminology3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.13, Wool and WoolFelt, refer to Terminology D4845.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:cashmere, coarse hair, cashmere

7、 coarse hair content, cashmeredown, cashmere hair.3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, see Termi-nology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method describes a procedure:4.1.1 The segmenting of various test specimens in prepara-tion for testing,4.1.2 The projection on a screen o

8、f magnified images of therandomly sampled short segments of fiber from the small testspecimens, and4.1.3 The measurement of the number of partially cleavedfibers.5. Significance and Use5.1 Test Method D4510 for the counting of partialcleavages, may be used for the acceptance testing of commer-cial s

9、hipments of wool and other animal fibers, but caution isadvised, since information on between-laboratory precision islimited. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advis-able.5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using this test method for acceptanc

10、etesting of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there isa statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group o

11、f testspecimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that arefrom a lot of material of the type in question. The testspecimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbersto each laboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories should be compared using Students t-test for

12、unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by thetwo parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, eitherits cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light ofthe known bias.5.2 Chemically damaged or

13、 tendered fibers are recognizablemicroscopically by qualified operators and should not be1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Felt.Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published August 2018.

14、Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D4510 05(2009)which was withdrawn January 2018 and reinstated in July 2018. DOI: 10.1520/D4510-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual

15、 Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Act of Congress, “Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939,” 76th Congress, ThirdSession, approved October 14, 1939.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocke

16、n, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organizat

17、ion Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1counted as partial cleavages. Such fibers exhibit total loss ofcuticle, severe surface erosion, tenderizing cracks, longitudinalfibrillation, or a combination of these features (see Figs. 1 and2). In a study of deliberately over-carbonized wool at one

18、laboratory, it was found that when more than 24 tendered fiberswere seen in 1 m, partial cleavage counts were significantlyhigher than on similar fibers that were not overcarbonized.6. Apparatus and Material6.1 Microprojector4The microscope shall be equippedwith a fixed body tube, a focusable stage

19、responsive to coarseand fine adjustments, a focusable substage with condenser andiris diaphragm, and a vertically installed adequate light sourceto give a precise magnification of 500, that is, a 12.5 eye-piece and a 21 0.50 numerical aperture objective.6.2 Stage Micrometer5calibrated in intervals o

20、f 0.01 mmfor accurate setting and control of the magnification.6.3 Fiber-Sectioning Apparatus:6.3.1 Heavy-Duty Sectioning Device6,7 An instrumentcomprised of a metal plate with a slot and compressing key andequipped with a propulsion mechanism by which the fiberbundle may be extruded for sectioning.

21、 The instrument isdesigned to hold a sliver of top or equivalent bulk of fibers, oryarn. (Fig. 3)6.3.2 Safety Razor BladesSingle-edge or double-edgeblades (if used with blade holder).6.3.3 FRL Fiber Cutter8A device comprised of two razorblades, a threaded pin and an assemblage that will hold theblad

22、es rigidly in position. The device, which is operated byapplying pressure vertically downward, cuts fibers approxi-mately 250 m in length (Fig. 3).4The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis R place thespecimen in the slot of the metal plate, compress with the k

23、ey,and secure with the set screw.10.1.2 Yarn SpecimenPack the assemblage of yarn piecesinto the slot, compress and secure as directed in 10.1.1.10.1.3 Fabric SpecimenTease out and segregate the warpand filling yarns when of different or unknown composition.Pack the assemblage of warp or filling yarn

24、 pieces into the slot,compress, and secure as directed in 10.1.1. If it is known thatwarp and filling yarns are identical, then the undisturbed pieceof fabric or the teased yarns of the fabric constitute the testspecimen.10.2 Preliminary Sectioning of Specimen Cut off thegripped fibers at the upper

25、and under surfaces of the plate.Extrude the fiber bundle about 0.50 mm to take up slack in thefibers and the propulsion mechanism. Moisten the projectingfibers with a few drops of mounting medium. With a sharprazor blade, cut off this projecting fiber bundle flush with theupper surface of the fiber-

26、holding plate, and discard thesection.10.3 Final Sectioning of SpecimenExtrude the fiberbundle approximately 0.25 mm (250 m). With the razor blade,cut off the projecting fibers flush with the plate, leaving thefiber pieces adhering to the razor blade.10.4 Mounting the Fibers on the Slide Place a few

27、 dropsof mounting medium on a clean glass slide. With a dissectingneedle, scrape the fiber pieces from the blade onto the slide.Thoroughly disperse the fibers in the oil with the dissectingneedle (Fig. 4), and cover the specimen with a cover glass.NOTE 2Use sufficient oil in the preparation of the s

28、lide to ensurethorough distribution of the fibers, but an excess must be avoided, aspractically no oil should be permitted to flow out or be squeezed outbeyond the borders of the cover glass. If the number of fibers is too greatto permit distribution on the slide, or if an excess of oil has been use

29、d,wipe away a portion of the mixture after thorough dispersion of the fibers.NOTE 3Fiber bundles may be extruded to other convenient lengths foruse with other appropriate measuring length gages, as long as the interiordistance of the length gage is between 200 and 300 m on the projectedimage of the

30、segment (see 6.7.).11. Preparation of Slides by Use of the FRL Fiber Cutter11.1 Cutting Specimens:11.1.1 FabricUsing the equipment described in 6.3.3,with the razor blades in alignment and firmly secured, force theblades vertically downward into the warp fringe close to theedge of the fabric. Repeat

31、 the operation for the filling yarns. Ifthe warp and filling yarns are the same, the cut may be madediagonally, sectioning the warp and filling yarns of the fabric atthe same time. Make a duplicate cut at the opposite side of thefabric. The individual cuts should include between 1500 and2000 fibers,

32、 approximately 250 m long.11.1.2 Yarns and Other Fiber Assemblies Cut the pre-pared woolen or worsted specimens with the pieces arrayed asa unit, or other specimens of yarn, roving and the like, in amanner similar to the procedure described in 10.1.1.11.2 Release of Cut SectionRelease the top plate

33、of thedevice, then the blades, holding the ends between the thumband the forefinger of one hand. By careful separation of theblades, the fiber sections will adhere to the edge of either blade.11.3 Mounting the Fibers on the Slide See 10.4.12. Procedure for Counting Partial Cleavages with theMicropro

34、jector12.1 Place the finished slide on the stage of themicroprojector, the cover glass to be in the same orientation asstage micrometer. Scan only those fiber segments that touch orintercept a 100 mm target circle drawn on the surface on whichthe field is projected.12.2 Place one end of the paper le

35、ngth gage at the leadingend of the image of the fiber segment (in the direction thesegment is being traversed), or at the bottom end if the segmentis vertical in the field of vision. Examine the portion of thesegment marked off by the chosen section of the length gage todetermine if a partial cleava

36、ge is present. Use particular care tofocus critically through the entire thickness of each segment sothat a partial cleavage at any place on the circumference of asegment can be seen.12.3 Do not utilize segments that are shorter than the chosensection of the length gage and do not count partial clea

37、vages onsuch short segments. Do not utilize segments of any length thatare clearly recognizable as having been severely damaged ortendered by bacterial, chemical, felting or other extraneousaction (See 5.3 and Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Plate 14).12.4 Count as partial cleavages only transverse

38、damage. Donot record more than one partial cleavage per segment unlesspartial cleavages are separated by a distance of 25 mm or morealong the segment length, as measured on the projected imageof the segment.12.5 Examine sufficient segments to constitute a total lengthof fiber of at least 1 m (3704 s

39、egments if a length gage of 135mm is used).FIG. 5 Dispersion of Fibers on SlideD4510 18512.6 Record the total number of eligible segments counted,including those bearing partial cleavages. Record separatelythe total number of partial cleavages counted.13. Calculation13.1 Calculate to the nearest who

40、le number of partialcleavages per meter. If a length gage of 135 mm is used,calculate and record the length of fiber in meters, using Eq 1.L 5 N/3704 (1)where:L = length of fiber examined, m,N = number of segments examined, and3704 = the number of segments if a length gage of 135 mmis used (see 12.5

41、). Calculate the average number ofpartial cleavages per meter using Eq 2.A 5 S/L (2)where:A = average number of partial cleavages per meter,S = total number of partial cleavages observed, andL = length of fiber examined, m.13.2 If agreed upon by all parties concerned, results may becalculated on oth

42、er bases, such as the percentage of partialcleavages present per 1000 segments.14. Report14.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed inMethod D4510. Describe the material or product sampled andthe method of sampling used.14.2 Calculate to the nearest whole number the number ofpartial cleav

43、ages observed per meter of fiber length examined,or on other bases if agreed upon by all parties concerned.15. Precision and Bias15.1 Intralaboratory Test Data7A within-laboratory testwas run in 1969 at one laboratory in which samples of fourmaterials were tested by two operators, each of whom per-f

44、ormed three separate meter tests of each material. Thecomponents of variance for partial cleavage per meter resultsexpressed as standard deviations were calculated to be:Single 2 operator component 2 5.0 counts per meterWithin 2 laboratory component 2 3.6 counts per meter15.2 PrecisionFor the compon

45、ents of variance reported in15.1, two averages of observed values should be consideredsignificantly different at the 95 % probability level if thedifference equals or exceeds the critical differences listed inTable 1.NOTE 4The tabulated values of the critical differences should beconsidered to be a

46、general statement. Before a meaningful statement canFIG. 6 (AB)Semi-RuptureFIG. 6 (CE) (continued)D4510 186be made about two specific laboratories, the amount of statistical biasbetween them, if any, must be established, with each comparison beingbased on recent data obtained on randomized specimens

47、 from one sampleof the material to be tested.15.3 BiasThe procedure in this test method for countingpartial cleavages in wool and other animal fibers has no knownbias and may be used as a reference method.16. Keywords16.1 animal fibers; damage; partial cleavages; woolASTM International takes no posi

48、tion respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibili

49、ty.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the