1、Designation: D4546 141Standard Test Methods forOne-Dimensional Swell or Collapse of Soils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4546; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe
2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorially updated units of measurement statement in April 2018.1. Scope*1.1 This standard covers two laboratory test methods formeasuring the mag
3、nitude of one-dimensional wetting-inducedswell or collapse of unsaturated soils and one method formeasuring load-induced compression subsequent to wetting-induced deformation.1.1.1 Test Method A is a procedure for measuring one-dimensional wetting-induced swell or hydrocompression (col-lapse) of rec
4、onstituted specimens simulating field condition ofcompacted fills. The magnitude of swell pressure (the mini-mum vertical stress required to prevent swelling), and freeswell (percent swell under a pressure of 1 kPa or 20 lbf/ft2) canalso be determined from the results of Test Method A.1.1.2 Test Met
5、hod B is a procedure for measuring one-dimensional wetting-induced swell or collapse deformation ofintact specimens obtained from a natural deposit or from anexisting compacted fill. The magnitude of swell pressure andfree swell can also be determined from the results of TestMethod B.1.1.3 Test Meth
6、od C is a procedure for measuring load-induced strains on a reconstituted or intact specimen after thespecimen has undergone wetting-induced swell or collapsedeformation.1.2 In Test Method A, a series of reconstituted specimensduplicating compaction condition of the fine fraction of the soilin the f
7、ield (excluding the oversize particles) are assembled inconsolidometer units. Different loads corresponding to differ-ent fill depths are applied to different specimens and eachspecimen is given access to free water until the process ofprimary swell or collapse is completed (Fig. 1) under aconstant
8、vertical total stress (Fig. 2). The resulting swell orcollapse deformations are measured. This test method can bereferred to as wetting-after-loading tests on multiple reconsti-tuted specimens. The data from these tests can be used toestimate one-dimensional ground surface heave or settlementthat ca
9、n occur due to full wetting after fill construction. Inaddition, the magnitude of swell pressure and the magnitude offree swell can be interpreted from the test results.1.3 Test Method B is commonly used for measuring one-dimensional wetting-induced swell or hydrocompression ofindividual intact samp
10、les. This method can be referred to assingle-point wetting-after-loading test. The vertical pressure atwetting for the specimen is chosen equal to the vertical in-situstress (overburden stress plus structural stress, if any) corre-sponding to the sampling depth. The test result indicates theamount o
11、f heave or hydrocompression that can result when thesoil at a given fill depth is wetted from the current moisturecondition to full inundation condition. If intact specimens fromvarious depths are tested, the swell or collapse strain data canbe used to estimate heave or settlement of the ground surf
12、ace.If the objective of the test is to measure swell pressure for anexpansive soil, a series of intact specimens from a given depthzone can be wetted under a range of pressures (similar to TestMethod A) and the results interpreted to determine the magni-tude of the swell pressure.1.4 Test Method C i
13、s for measuring load-induced strainsafter wetting-induced swell or collapse deformation has oc-curred. This method can be referred to as loading-after-wettingtest. The test can be performed on either intact or reconstitutedspecimens, and can be on one specimen or a series ofspecimens. The results wo
14、uld apply to situations where newfill, additional structural loads, or both, are applied to theground that has previously gone through wetting-inducedheave or settlement. The first part of the test is the same as inTest Method A or B. After completion of the swell or collapseunder a given vertical l
15、oad, additional vertical load incrementsare applied to the specimen in the same manner as in aconsolidation test (Test Methods D2435) and the load-inducedstrains are measured.1.5 It shall be the responsibility of the agency requestingthis test to specify the magnitude of each load for Test MethodA a
16、nd Test Method B. For Test Method C, the agencyrequesting the test should specify the magnitude of the stressunder which the specimen is wetted, and the magnitudes of theadditional stress increments subsequent to wetting.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soiland
17、 Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.05 on Strength andCompressibility of Soils.Current edition approved March 1, 2014. Published April 2014. Originallyapproved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4546 08. DOI:10.1520/D4546-14E01.*A Summary of Changes section a
18、ppears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Prin
19、ciples for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.11.6 These test methods do not address the measurement ofsoil suction and suction-controlled swell-collapse tests. Theaddition of suctio
20、n-controlled wetting does not constitutenonconformance to these test methods.1.7 These test methods have a number of limitations andtheir results can be affected by one or a combination of factorsincluding the effect of significant amounts of oversize particles(in Test Method A), sampling disturbanc
21、e (in Test Method B)and differences between the degree of wetting in the laboratorytest specimens and in the field. For details of these and otherlimitations, see Section 6.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses after SI units areprovided for
22、 information only and are not considered standard.Test results recorded in units other than SI shall not be regardedas nonconformance with this standard. Figures depicting thetest results can be either in SI units or in inch-pound units.1.8.1 The converted inch-pound units use the gravitationalsyste
23、m of units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unitof force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The slug unitis not given, unless dynamic (F = ma) calculations areinvolved.1.8.2 It is common practice in the engineering/constructionprofession to concurrently use pounds to represent
24、both a unitof mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines twoseparate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and thegravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combinethe use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a singlestandard. As stated, this standard
25、includes the gravitationalsystem of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slugunit for mass. However, the use of balances or scales recordingpounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft3shall notbe regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.8.3 The terms density and unit weight a
26、re often usedinterchangeably. Density is mass per unit volume whereas unitweight is force per unit volume. In this standard density isgiven only in SI units. After the density has been determined,the unit weight is calculated in SI or inch-pound units, or both.1.9 All observed and calculated values
27、shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026.1.9.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded, or calculated, in this standard are regarded as theindustry standard. In addition, they are representative of thesignificant digits th
28、at generally should be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ation for the users objectives; and it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with
29、these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof this standard to consider significant digits used in analysismethods for engineering design.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard t
30、o establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Pri
31、nciples for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C127 Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity)and Absorption of Coarse AggregateD4
32、22 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils (With-drawn 2016)3D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids byWater PycnometerD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD2216 T
33、est Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2435 Test Methods for One-Dimensional ConsolidationProperties of Soils Using Incremental LoadingD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D2488 Pr
34、actice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedures)D3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and Constr
35、uctionD4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamplesD4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of Soils2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards
36、volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.FIG. 1 Time-Swell CurveD4546 1412D4718 Practice for Correction of Unit Weight and WaterContent for Soils Containing Oversize Particl
37、esD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataD6027 Practice for Calibrating Linear Displacement Trans-ducers for Geotechnical PurposesD6913
38、Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Grada-tion) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of common technical termsin this standard, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 collapse or hydrocompression (L)wetting-ind
39、uceddecrease in height of a soil element or test specimen.3.2.2 collapse or hydrocompression strain%-wetting-induced change in height divided by the height immediatelyprior to wetting.3.2.3 compression (L)decrease in height of a soil elementor test specimen due to wetting (synonymous with hydrocom-p
40、ression or collapse) or due to increase in total stress.3.2.4 free swell, %percent swell following absorption ofwater at the seating pressure of 1 kPa (20 lbf/ft2).3.2.5 intact specimena test specimen obtained from anatural deposit or from an existing compacted fill or embank-ment using undisturbed
41、sampling equipment.3.2.6 percent heave or settlement, %change in verticalheight divided by the height of a column of soil immediatelybefore wetting.3.2.7 primary swell or collapse (L)amount of swell orcollapse characterized as being completed at the intersection ofthe two tangents to the curve shown
42、 in Fig. 1.3.2.8 reconstituted specimena test specimen compactedinto a mold.3.2.9 secondary swell or collapse (L)long-term swell orcollapse characterized as the linear portion of the plot shown inFig. 1 following completion of primary swell or collapse.3.2.10 settlement (L)decrease in vertical heigh
43、t of a col-umn of soil.3.2.11 swell (L)increase in thickness of a soil element ora soil specimen following absorption of water.3.2.12 swell pressure (FL-2)the minimum stress requiredto prevent swelling.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 In these test methods a soil specimen is restrainedlaterally in a ri
44、gid mold and loaded vertically (axially) inincrements up to a load that depends on the purpose of the test.Subsequent to reaching equilibrium under the applied load, thespecimen is inundated with test water and the one-dimensionalwetting-induced swell or collapse strain is measured. TestMethod A is
45、specified for specimens that are reconstitutedusing the fill material excluding the oversize fraction. TestMethod B is for intact samples of a natural soil or an existingfill. In both cases, the measured strains are wetting-induced,not load-induced. Test Method C is used for measuringload-induced co
46、mpression subsequent to wetting-inducedswell or collapse5. Significance and Use5.1 The wetting-induced swell/collapse strains measuredfrom Test Methods A and B can be used to develop estimatesof heave or settlement of a confined soil profile (1 and 2).4They can also be used to estimate the magnitude
47、s of the swell4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.FIG. 2 Deformation Versus Vertical Stress, Test Method AD4546 1413pressure and the free swell strain. The load-induced strainsafter wetting from Test Method C can be used to estimatestress-ind
48、uced settlement following wetting-induced heave orsettlement. Selection of test method, loading, and inundationsequences should, as closely as possible, simulate field condi-tions because relatively small variations in density and watercontent, or sequence of loading and wetting can significantlyalt
49、er the test results (3 and 4).NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliancewith Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliableresults depends on several factors; Practice D3740 provides a means ofevaluating some of these factors.6. Limitations6.1
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