1、Designation: D 4564 02aStandard Test Method forDensity of Soil in Place by the Sleeve Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4564; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope *1.1 This test method covers the determination of the densityof soil in place by the sleeve method.1.2 The sleeve method of determining th
3、e density of soil inplace is used for cohesionless, granular soils for which othermethods of determining the density (sand cone, test pit, and thelike) may not be practical. Typically, the sleeve method isapplicable for soils that are predominantly fine gravel size,with a maximum of 5 % fines, and a
4、 maximum particle size of34 in. (19.0 mm).NOTE 1There have been other methods developed for testing cohe-sionless soils. Compared to other methods, this procedure is convenientfor field construction control testing because smaller and lighter equip-ment is used and the test can be performed in a sma
5、ller area.1.3 A calibration equation is necessary in the application ofthis test method to obtain a reliable value of the in-placedensity of the soil (see Annex A1). The calibration equation isused to calculate the density of the soil in place from the massof dry soil per inch of test hole measured
6、by the sleeve method.1.3.1 The calibration equation is predetermined for a par-ticular soil type that is to be tested. When the soil changessignificantly in either gradation or particle angularity, thecalibration equation may have to be adjusted or redefinedbefore the sleeve method can be used.1.3.2
7、 There may be certain soils meeting the general de-scription in 1.2 for which a calibration equation may not beappropriate due to unsatisfactory correlation of the data. Thesleeve method would not be applicable for these soils.1.3.3 There may be certain soils meeting the description in1.2 for which
8、the calibration equation may be applicable onlyfor a certain range of densities. The sleeve method will givereliable values of the density in place only within that range ofdensities.1.4 It is common practice in the engineering profession toconcurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (l
9、bm)and a unit of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separatesystems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravita-tional system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the useof two separate sets of inch-pound units within a singlestandard. This standard has been written using t
10、he gravitationalsystem of units when dealing with the inch-pound system. Inthis system the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight).However, the use of balances or scales recording pounds ofmass (lbm), or the recording of density in lbm/ft3should not beregarded as nonconformance with this tes
11、t method.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D 6026. The method used to specify how data arecollected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directlyrelated to the accuracy to which the data can be
12、 applied indesign or other uses or both. How one applies the resultsobtained using this standard is beyond its scope.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priat
13、e safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluids2D 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by
14、 Mass2D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and Construction2D 4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density of SoilsUsing a Vibratory Table2D 4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Density of Soilsand C
15、alculation of Relative Density2D 4643 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soil by the Microwave Oven Method2D 4753 Guidefor Evaluating, Selecting, and SpecifyingBalances and Scales for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construc-tion Material Testing2D 4959 Test Method for Determination
16、of Water (Moisture)1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special andConstruction Control Tests.Current edition approved December 10, 2002. Published January 2003. Origi-nally approved in 1986. Last
17、 previous edition approved in 2002 as D 4564 02.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Content of Soil by Direct Hea
18、ting Method2D 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal Data3E 11 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Pur-poses43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsExcept as listed below, all definitions arein accordance with Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standar
19、d:3.2.1 calibration equationrelationship between the den-sity of a soil in place and the mass of dry soil per inch of testhole, using the sleeve method. A linear relationship betweenthe two values is assumed.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 In this test method, the density is determined by workinga meta
20、l sleeve into the soil to be tested, removing the soilwithin the sleeve, and determining the dry mass of soilremoved per linear inch of the depth of the excavation withinthe sleeve. The mass per inch is related to the dry density of thein-place material using a calibration equation that has beenpred
21、etermined for the particular soil being tested.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used to determine the density ofcohesionless soil used in the construction of earth embank-ments and roadfills, or of cohesionless soils used for structurebackfill, bedding and backfill for pipe, or filters
22、. This testmethod is used as the basis for acceptance of soils compactedto a specified density or to a specified relative density.5.2 This test method may be useful in determining thedensity of cohesionless soils in a confined or limited spacesince this test method requires less working area than ot
23、hermethods.5.3 A predetermined calibration equation is necessary to usethis procedure (see Annex A1). It is assumed there is a linearrelationship between the density in place and the mass of drysoil per inch of test hole measured by the sleeve method. Thismay not be true for certain soils or the lin
24、ear relationship mayexist only for a particular range of densities.5.4 The quality of the results produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it,and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used.Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are gen
25、erallyconsidered capable of competent and objective testing. Usersof this standard are cautioned that compliance with PracticeD 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable resultsdepend on many factors: Practice D 3740 provides a means ofevaluating some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1
26、 Sleeve ApparatusThe sleeve apparatus shall consist ofa sleeve baseplate, sleeve, measurement plate, and driver. Theapparatus shall conform to the requirements shown in Fig. 1.6.2 BalancesFor determining the moisture content, abalance or scale having a minimum capacity of about 1000 gand meeting the
27、 requirements of Specification D 4753 for abalance for 0.1-g readability. For the in-place density determi-nation and development of the calibration equation, the bal-ances or scales used must conform to the requirements andprinciples of Specification D 4753.6.3 Drying EquipmentAn oven, in accordanc
28、e withMethod D 2216, for drying moisture content samples, andassorted dishes and pans.6.4 Miscellaneous EquipmentA shovel, for preparing testsurface; nails and hammer for securing sleeve baseplate;scoops and spoons for digging test hole; buckets with lids orother suitable containers for retaining th
29、e density samplewithout moisture loss; a trisquare or machinists square formeasuring the depth of the density hole; and a vernier caliperor inside micrometer caliper to measure the diameter of thesleeve.7. Technical Considerations7.1 Consistency in the gradation and particle angularity ofthe soil be
30、ing tested is critical to the test. Redetermining thecalibration equation may be required if changes in materialgradation or particle angularity, or both, occur. The personperforming the test must be aware of the characteristics of thesoil used to determine the calibration equation and evaluatewheth
31、er or not the soil being tested is significantly different.7.2 The test is operator sensitive. If accurate test results areto be achieved, strict adherence to the procedures set forth inthis test method is crucial. In particular, there must beadherence to the following techniques:7.2.1 Rotate the sl
32、eeve into the soil in a clockwise directiononly.7.2.2 The sleeve advancement into the soil must follow thepenetration sequence (one-half length of sleeve, three-fourthslength of sleeve, etc.) determined in the calibration procedure.7.2.3 The sleeve penetration into the soil should be perpen-dicular
33、to the baseplate with as little variation as possible.7.2.4 Soil should never be excavated from below the lead-ing edge of the sleeve.NOTE 2Since this test is sensitive to procedural techniques, operatorexperience in performing in-place density tests is desirable. Trial deter-minations should be per
34、formed before using the test procedure as a basisof acceptance for construction control.7.3 Test results are not direct. A calibration equation must beapplied to the mass of dry soil per inch of test hole to arrive atthe in-place dry density.7.4 The sleeve(s) should be checked periodically for wear(
35、see 8.2.3). If the cutting edge has become dull or damaged, itmay be repaired if the angle and length of the bevel ismaintained.8. Calibration8.1 Determine the calibration equation in accordance withAnnex A1.8.2 Calibration of the Sleeve:8.2.1 Using either a vernier caliper or inside micrometercalip
36、er, determine the inside diameter of the sleeve just above3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.D 4564 02a2the beveled edge in three locations spaced equally around thecircumference of the sleeve. If any two measurements differ by0.10 in. (2.5 mm), the s
37、leeve is out of round and should not beused. Repeat this procedure after every 100 tests.8.2.2 If more than one sleeve is to be used to determine thecalibration equation or for measuring the in-place density, thediameter measurements for the sleeves shall not differ morethan 0.05 in. (1.3 mm). There
38、 should be some control over theamount of the bevel on sleeves that are going to be usedinterchangeably.8.2.3 If from wear, a diameter measurement shows a 0.05-in. (1.3-mm) difference from the initial measurement, thesleeve(s) should either not be used or a new calibrationFIG. 1 Density Sleeve Appar
39、atusD 4564 02a3equation should be determined. New sleeves shall have diam-eter measurements within 0.05 in. of the sleeves used todetermine the calibration equation.8.2.4 Each sleeve shall be permanently identified with sometype of marking on the sleeve.9. Procedure9.1 Prepare a smooth, level workin
40、g area (Note 3). Place thebaseplate on the designated area, making sure there are no airgaps underneath, and nail into place.NOTE 3The working area may need to be at a sufficient depth belowthe surface of the soil to avoid material possibly disturbed by surfacetraffic.9.1.1 Take care throughout the
41、test procedure not to applypressure on the soil surface adjacent to the baseplate whichcould possibly disturb the in-place condition of the soil.Construction or other activity should be stopped in the vicinityof the test to avoid disturbance of the soil by either pressure orvibration.9.2 Place the b
42、eveled edge of the sleeve on the soil surfaceinside the hole in the baseplate. Place the driver on the sleeve.Slowly rotate the sleeve in a clockwise direction while pushingthe sleeve into the soil in the exact penetration sequencedetermined in the calibration procedure (see Annex A1). Thesleeve pen
43、etration into the soil should be perpendicular to thebaseplate with as little variation as possible.9.3 Remove the driver and extract material from inside thesleeve, being careful not to disturb soil below the leading edgeof the sleeve. Place the extracted soil in a moisture-proofcontainer, keeping
44、the container closed as much as possible. Amark placed on the inside of the sleeve, approximately 1 in. (25mm) above the leading edge, can be a very useful reference.Continue rotating and advancing the sleeve and extractingmaterial in the sequence determined in the calibration proce-dure until the d
45、river rests evenly on the baseplate. Neverextract material below the leading edge of the sleeve.9.4 As the full depth of extraction of soil is approached,flatten the bottom of the hole as much as possible whileextracting the soil.9.5 Seal the container with the excavated soil to preserve thein-place
46、 moisture content.9.6 Place the measurement plate on the soil at the bottom ofthe hole and rotate gently to seat the plate. Lift the measure-ment plate and inspect the bottom of the hole for surfaceirregularities. After inspecting and smoothing the surface, ifnecessary, gently reseat the plate. Meas
47、ure and record the depthof the hole from the top of the measurement plate to the top ofthe baseplate using the trisquare or machinists square. Performthe measurement four times, once at each keystock on thesleeve. Two measurements, 180 apart, are all that is necessaryto determine the average depth o
48、f the hole; however, since thedepth measurement is critical, the other two measurementsprovide a useful check.9.7 Calculate the average depth of the hole using themeasurements at two opposite keystocks. Calculate the averagedepth measured at the other two keystocks. If the two averagedepth values ar
49、e not within 0.05 in. (1.3 mm) of each other,remeasure the depths. For calculations, use the first twomeasurements. It may be useful to place identifying marks ateach keystock.9.8 Determine the mass of the soil removed from the testhole and record.9.9 Determine the moisture content of the material removedfrom the hole in accordance with Test D 2216, D 4959, andD 4643.NOTE 4If the moisture content obviously varies in the material beingtested (for example, free water standing in bottom of the excavation insidethe sleeve), the moisture content specimen may not be represent
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