1、Designation: D 4577 05Standard Test Method forCompression Resistance of a Container Under ConstantLoad1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4577; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is designed to determine the resistanceof a shipping container to a vertically applied constant load foreith
3、er a specified time or to failure. The test method may alsobe used for palletized or unitized load configurations.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult andestablish ap
4、propriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 642 Test Method for Determining Compressive Resis-tance of Shipping Containers, Components,
5、and UnitLoadsD 644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper andPaperboard by Oven DryingD 685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor TestingD 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for T
6、estingD 4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Based MaterialsE 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for Charac-teristic for a Lot or Process3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral definitions for the pac
7、kaging anddistribution environments are found in Terminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 loadthe force applied to a body, lbf or N.3.2.2 constant loada load that is invariable or unchang-ing.3.2.3 static loadan imposed stationary force, constant inmagnitude, direct
8、ion, and sense.4. Significance and Use4.1 In the distribution system for many products there is aphase wherein the packaged product may be stored for a periodof time in a manner such that one or more containers aresuperimposed one upon the other. The bottom package is thuscontinually stressed with a
9、 constant load.4.2 This test method subjects a container, empty or filled, toa predetermined static load, and to specified atmosphericconditions, if required.5. Apparatus5.1 The testing apparatus shall be capable of imposing aconstant load on the test specimen and may be hydraulically,pneumatically,
10、 or mechanically activated. A test apparatusemploying dead weights to impose the constant load may beused, as in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Compression machines may alsobe used, as in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, and shall contain two platens,or suitable framework and fixturing, one stationary and onemovable in the v
11、ertical direction. The movable platen may beswiveled (floating) or fixed and should have proper mechani-cal, pneumatic, or hydraulic linkages to permit top-to-bottomloading. If the floor where the test is to be conducted is subjectto severe vibration, it may be necessary to vibration-isolate thetest
12、 apparatus. The test device should have a timer formeasuring the period of time required to cause container failureand means such as a dial indicator to measure box deformation(inches or millimetres) while under load, or an autographicrecording device that records load and deformation over aperiod o
13、f time.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.22 on Physical TestMethods.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2005. Published October 2005. Originallyapproved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D
14、4577 00 (2003)e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harb
15、or Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.2 Closing Equipment for Fiberboard BoxesWhenempty boxes are to be tested, suitable closing facilities such assealing boards and proper adhesive for closing the flaps of boxspecimens shall be used. See Test Method D 642.5.3 Cond
16、itioning ApparatusAdequate facilities shall beprovided to maintain a conditioned atmosphere of temperatureand humidity as required for the purpose of the test.5.4 Miscellaneous EquipmentDrying oven, scales, knife,saws, etc., for use in determination of the moisture content orfor making other supplem
17、entary tests of the materials fromwhich the containers are made. When testing unit loads, it isrecommended that an empty pallet be placed on top of the unitload test specimen to achieve conditions similar to actual use.6. Safety Precautions6.1 Performance of a test should never be consideredwithout
18、regard to safety. Some apparent precautions againstinjuries are:6.1.1 Care and caution should be observed while placing theshipping container filled or unfilled on the testing apparatus.6.1.2 The testing apparatus should have load arrestors orsafety interlocks to prevent complete crushing of the con
19、tainerafter initial failure.6.1.3 When using dead weights, caution should be takenwhen loading and unloading the weights from the apparatus.FIG. 1 Containers Under Constant Load of Dead Weights Imposed by Other ContainersD45770527. Test Specimens and Number of Tests7.1 The containers being tested sh
20、all be complete in allrespects. Depending on the purpose of the test, interior packingmay or may not be included. No related bracing material withinthe boxes that will give false results as to sample behavior shallbe used. Tests may be made on containers with or withoutcontents as prescribed. Packed
21、 containers should be closed andsecured in the same manner as will be used in preparing themfor shipment (for example, tape, strapping).7.2 Performance normally should be based on tests of notfewer than five representative specimens of a given size andtype of container. For large production runs, lo
22、t sampling isadvised. Application of Practice E 122 is suggested.7.3 For testing unitized loads, multiple specimens are rec-ommended but a single specimen is permissable.8. Closing Fiberboard Containers Using Adhesive8.1 Close the box specimen so as to avoid distortions thatmay affect its loadbearin
23、g ability. The method of preparing thetest specimen as described in the Annex of Test Method D 642will accomplish this, but any method that will produce thesame results may be used.9. Conditioning9.1 When required, the container should be conditioned forthe static load test by exposure to fixed or c
24、ontrolled variableconditions of temperature and humidity.9.1.1 Where applicable, a special atmosphere selected fromthose specified in Practice D 4332 may be used.9.2 The test container shall be preconditioned in the desiredatmosphere for such a time as is necessary to bring thecontainer into equilib
25、rium with that atmosphere and using thetechniques given in Practice D 685.10. Acceptance Criteria10.1 Acceptance criteria must be established prior to testingand should consider the required condition of the product atreceipt. The organizations conducting the test may choose anyFIG. 2 Container Unde
26、r Constant Load of Dead WeightsD4577053acceptance criteria suitable for their purpose. It is advisable tocompare test results from proposed containers with the testresults on similar containers whose shipping history is known.10.2 In many cases, the acceptance criteria of a package thathas been subj
27、ected to the test plan can be one of the following:Criterion 1Product is damage-free.Criterion 2Package is intact.Other acceptance criteria, including provision for acceptingminimal damage to the product or package, may be indicated.Acceptance criteria may include a provision for the conditionof pac
28、kage. The form and content of acceptance criteria mayvary widely, according to the particular situation. Criteria mayrange from the most rudimentary to highly quantitative scoringor analysis systems.11. Procedure11.1 Prior to test, select the constant load to which thecontainer will be subjected. Th
29、e selection may be based on:11.1.1 The load to which a bottom container will besubjected to in storage, for example, warehouse.11.1.2 A percentage of the value obtained by Test MethodD 642 on a similar container.NOTE 1For corrugated containers, the work of Kellicutt and Landt3may be used as a guide
30、to the selection of the percentage but at no timeshould the load exceed 85 % of the test value derived by Method D 642testing.11.2 When using a compression machine (Fig. 3 and Fig. 4),center the specimen on the bottom platen of the testingapparatus so as not to incur eccentric loading. Induce the te
31、stload on the specimen. The load shall be slowly applied at a nearuniform rate until the container supports the entire load. Whenusing dead weights (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2), this is accomplished bylowering the support jacks and completely freeing the upperplaten.11.3 For a controlled fixture on a compres
32、sion machine, setit to a constant load control mode. The timing device is thenstarted. An initial observation and record of zero deformationshall begin at the end of 60 s after full load to establishbase-time reference.Additional observations will be made after5 min, 10 min, 30 min, 60 min, and 2 h.
33、 Thereafter, observa-tions and reading of deformation shall be made at predeter-mined intervals, until the specified test period is over, or thecontainer fails.11.4 Moisture Content (When Specified):11.4.1 Fiberboard ContainersDetermine the moisturecontent of fiberboard at the end of the test in acc
34、ordance withTest Method D 644.11.4.2 Wood Container Determine the moisture contentof wood at the end of the test in accordance with Test MethodsD 4442.12. Calculation12.1 This test produces time-to-failure data that does notconform to the normal or Gaussian distribution: The logarithmsof the data, n
35、atural or common, do tend to be normallydistributed. Before analysis, transform the data using thefollowing equation:C 5 log D (1)3Kellicut, K. Q., and Landt, E. F., “Safe Stacking Life of Corrugated Boxes,”Fibre Containers, Vol 36, No. 9, Sept. 1951.FIG. 3 Container Under Constant Load in Compressi
36、on Test Machine With Fixed PlatenD4577054where:C = transformed datum, andD = observed datum.12.2 The arithmetic mean of the transformed data is therecommended measure of central tendency. The antilog of thisaverage is a median estimate for the observed data.12.3 The standard deviation of the transfo
37、rmed data is therecommended measure of variability or dispersion. Statisticalcalculations should use this standard deviation directly, withouttransforming it to observed units of time. The antilogs of upperand lower confidence limits will be in observed units of timeand will not be symmetrical about
38、 the median estimate. (SeeAnnex A1.)NOTE 2Calculations based on the Weibull distribution are an accept-able alternative to these procedures. (See Annex A2.)13. Report13.1 The report shall include the following:13.1.1 Dimensions of the container under test; its completestructural specifications; kind
39、 of material; description andspecification of blocking and cushioning if used; spacing, size,and kind of fasteners; method of closing; and net and grossmass.13.1.2 Description of the contents of the container, if any.13.1.3 Acceptance criteria that have been established.FIG. 4 Unitized Load Under Co
40、nstant Load in Compression Machine With Swivel (Floating) PlatenD457705513.1.4 A detailed report of the test on each container,including damage to the container and contents, together withany observations that may assist in correctly interpretingresults, or aid in improving the design of the contain
41、er.13.1.5 A graph or table showing the deflection versus timefor each test.13.1.6 The method of conditioning the container includingthe temperature and relative humidity of the conditioningatmosphere, the moisture content of the material (whereapplicable), and the results of any supplementary test o
42、f thematerials from which the container was made.13.1.7 Report the number of containers tested, and themean, and standard deviation in transformed units, and themedian estimate in observed units of time.13.1.8 The compression test results from Method D 642.13.1.9 Astatement to the effect that all te
43、sts were performedin full compliance with this test method noting any variations.Report which option of test apparatus was used, dead weight orcompression machine. Report which option of movable load-ing platen was used for compression machines, swiveled(floating) or fixed.14. Precision and Bias14.1
44、 PrecisionThe subcommittee has conducted an analy-sis of the data based on limited testing by one laboratory. Thesewere top loaded empty regular slotted corrugated containerstested until failure with the time to failure reported in days. Thewithin-laboratory repeatability standard deviation of the c
45、om-mon (base 10) logarithms of the days to failure was 0.336.Repeatability may depend on the specific container and con-ditions of testing. Some packages may be expected to be higheror lower than this. The between-laboratory reproducibilityprecision has not been determined. Information on use of cre
46、epdata for predicting container failure is also available.4,514.2 BiasNo justifiable statement can be made on the biasof this test method since a true or absolute value cannot beestablished by an accepted reference method.15. Keywords15.1 compression test; creep test; duration of load; packag-ing; s
47、hipping container; shipping unit; stacking life; storageenvironmentANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. EXAMPLE OF CALCULATIONS BASED ON LOGARITHMIC CONVERSIONA1.1 The following example demonstrates the method ofcalculation for time-to-failure data described in the testmethod. If ten identical containe
48、rs were tested with the sameload, some variation in the times-to-failure for the containerswould be expected. For example, a set of ten data points mightbe: 5.26, 13.56, 6.74, 16.03, 25.23, 11.43, 1.84, 10.97, 13.18,and 8.08 days to failure. It is convenient to list the time tofailure (Y) in one col
49、umn and its logarithm (X) in anothercolumn as shown below:YX= log(Y)5.26 days 0.7213.56 1.136.74 0.8316.03 1.20YX= log(Y)25.23 1.4011.43 1.061.84 0.2610.97 1.0413.18 1.128.08 0.91Standard statistical calculations are conducted on the logdata (X), which are assumed to be from a normally distributedpopulation. For this example, the average (arithmetic mean)and the sample standard deviation of the log data (X) arecalculated to be X= 0.966 and s = 0.314, as estimates of thepopulation parameters. The antilog of the average is 9.25 daysand is reported as the central tende
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