1、Designation: D4594/D4594M 96 (Reapproved 2015)1Standard Test Method forEffects of Temperature on Stability of Geotextiles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4594/D4594M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revis
2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEDesignation was changed to dual and units information was corrected editorially, and editorial changes werem
3、ade throughout in June 2015.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides a procedure for determiningthe effects of climatic temperature on the tensile strength andelongation properties of geotextiles.1.2 The effect of temperature on the stability of geotextilesis reported as the change in tensile strength
4、and elongationbetween tests performed as directed in Test Method D5035,inthe standard atmosphere for testing textiles, and tests per-formed under conditions at which the geotextile is expected toperform in the field.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separ
5、ately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns
6、, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 7.1.1 7.1.3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76/D76M Specification for
7、 Tensile Testing Machines forTextilesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1682 Test Method for Breaking Load and Elongation ofTextile Fabric (Withdrawn 1992)3D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and RolledErosion Control Products(RECPs) for TestingD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD5035 Te
8、st Method for Breaking Force and Elongation ofTextile Fabrics (Strip Method)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geotextiles, nair maintainedat relative humidity of 50 to 70 % and at a temperature of 216 2C 70 6 4F.3.1.2 temperature stability, nfor a geotextile, the percentchan
9、ge in tensile strength or in percent elongation as measuredat a specified temperature and compared to values obtained atthe standard conditions for testing geotextiles.3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method,refer to Terminology D123 and Terminology D4439.4. Summary of Test Metho
10、d4.1 Specimens of a geotextile are conditioned at selectedtemperatures in an environmental chamber attached to a tensiletesting machine. While maintaining these temperatures,50.8 mm 2 in. cut or ravel strip tensile tests are performed asdirected in Test Method D5035. The same tests are conductedas c
11、ontrol under the standard laboratory test conditions. Tensilestrength and percent elongation properties obtained at varioustest temperatures are recorded. Changes in strength character-istics due to the effects of temperature are determined.4.2 The temperatures used for conditioning and testing theg
12、eotextiles are the temperatures at which the geotextile willperform or are typically exposed to in the field.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used for evaluating the relativeeffects of temperature on geotextiles manufactured from dif-ferent polymers, by a different manufacturing proces
13、s, or both.5.2 During shipping and storage, the geotextile may beexposed to abnormal temperatures. The fabric could be testedat these temperatures to determine the detrimental effects ofthese conditions on the strength properties.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGe
14、osynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endur-ance Properties.Current edition approved May 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originallyapproved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D4594 96 (2009).DOI: 10.1520/D4594_D4594M-96R15E01.2For referenced ASTM standa
15、rds, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copy
16、right ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.3 This test method may also be used to evaluate the cycliceffects of temperature (freeze-thaw), that is, samples can beconditioned to below normal temperatures (below freezing)and then to
17、above normal temperatures (elevated temperatures)for a given number of cycles. Strength characteristics can bedetermined after these cyclic exposures.5.4 Most nonwoven, woven, and composite fabric can betested by this method. Modification of the techniques is likelyto be necessary for any fabric hav
18、ing a strength in excess of179 kg/cm 1000 lb/in. width. This test method is notrecommended for knitted fabrics.5.5 This test method is an index test method and is notrecommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments,since information on between laboratory precision has not beenestablished.
19、In some cases the purchaser and seller may have totest a commercial shipment of one or more geotextiles by thebest available method, even though the method has not beenrecommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.A comparative test performed as directed in 5.5.1 may beadvisable.5.5.1 I
20、n case of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using Test Method D4594/D4594Mfor acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaserand the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determineif there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Compe-tent sta
21、tistical assistance is recommended for the investigationof bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group oftest specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that arefrom a lot of material of the type in question. The testspecimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbersto eac
22、h laboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories should be compared using Students t-test forunpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by thetwo parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, eitherits cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser
23、and thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light ofthe known bias.6. Apparatus6.1 Tensile Testing Machine, of the constant rate-of-extension (CRE) or constant rate-of-traverse type with auto-matic recorder conforming to the requirement of SpecificationD76/D76M.6.2 Environment
24、al Chamber, capable of maintaining a tem-perature range from 40 to + 100C 40 to + 212F andequipped with temperature regulation capable of maintainingthe test temperature within 62C 64F inside the chamber.6.3 Various Tubing and Fittings, to hook up the gas to theenvironmental chamber.6.4 Thermometer,
25、 capable of measuring the temperaturerange within which tests are being performed and graduated ina 1C 2F division scale.7. Materials7.1 Liquid Nitrogen, commercial grade or any other drymedium capable of producing temperature below 0C 32F.7.1.1 (WarningSince liquid nitrogen is a cryogenic liquidwhi
26、ch produces extremely low temperatures when vented tothe atmosphere, keep hands clear of open valves and tubings,etc. During testing, use insulated leather gloves to handlesamples and to open and close the environmental chamberdoor. The laboratory should be well ventilated.)7.1.2 Other gases which c
27、an be used are helium 167C269F, oxygen 119C 183F, argon 121C 186F,and carbon dioxide 62C 79F. Temperatures values listedare the minimum temperatures these gases can attain.7.1.3 The use of liquid nitrogen is suggested for the test.Nitrogen is less hazardous, more economical than other gases,and also
28、 capable of attaining a minimum temperatureof 127C 196F. Oxygen, being a strong oxidizer, shouldbe avoided if possible; otherwise, use cautiously in a wellventilated area away from open flame.8. Sampling8.1 Division into Lots and Lot SampleUnless otherwiseagreed upon as in an applicable material spe
29、cification, dividethe material into lots and take a lot sample as directed inPractice D4354. Consider rolls of fabric to be the primarysampling units.8.2 Laboratory SampleTake for the laboratory sample, aswatch extending the width of the fabric and approximately1 m 1 yd along the selvage from each r
30、oll in the lot sample.The swatch may be taken from the end portion of a rollprovided there is no evidence that it is distorted or differentfrom other portions of the roll. In cases of dispute, take aswatch that will exclude fabric from the outer wrap of the rollor the inner wrap around the core.8.3
31、Test SpecimensFor the standard conditions and foreach test temperature to which the geotextile is to be exposed,cut five specimens at least 50.8 mm 2 in. wide by 152.4 mm6 in. long from each swatch in the laboratory sample with thelong dimension of the specimens parallel to the lengthwisedirection.
32、Cut five specimens of the same size from eachswatch in the laboratory sample with the long dimension of thespecimen parallel to the width-wise direction. Prepare thespecimens as directed in Test Method D5035 for ravelled striptest, cut strip test, or both.9. Test Set-up9.1 Disconnect the jaw clamps
33、from the tensile testingmachine.9.2 Insert the environmental chamber between cross headsof the machine. Secure firmly to the machine. Connect the jawclamp back to the machine from inside the chamber.9.3 Connect the environmental chamber to the liquid nitro-gen cylinder, or any other dry medium, and
34、to AC outlet as permanufacturers instructions (see 7.1.1 7.1.3).9.3.1 For tests below standard laboratory test conditions,use liquid nitrogen or any other dry medium for sampleconditioning and testing, and for tests above standard labora-tory test conditions, use the heating element of the environ-m
35、ental chamber.D4594/D4594M 96 (2015)1210. Procedure10.1 Secure a specimen in the jaws inside the chamber.10.2 Adjust the temperature of the environmental chamberas required.10.3 Condition the specimen to the required temperature.The flow of gas is automatically controlled by a solenoid valve.The val
36、ve opens and closes to let the gas in to keep constanttemperature in the chamber.10.4 Perform 50.8-mm 2-in. cut or 50.8-mm 2-in. ravelstrip (depending upon the geotextile) tensile test in accordancewith Test Method D1682 using a machine speed of 305 6 10mm/min. 12 612 in./min.10.5 Repeat the test se
37、quence of 10.1 10.4 for theremaining samples.10.6 Adjust the temperature of the environmental chamberand test a second group of specimens at any other requiredtemperature. Repeat the test sequence of 10.1 10.4.10.7 Test five control samples for each direction at standardlaboratory test conditions.11
38、. Calculation11.1 Determine the tensile strength and apparent elongationfor all specimens.11.2 Calculate the average tensile strength and averageelongation at each test temperature for both the machinedirection (warp) and cross-machine direction (fill) specimens.11.3 Calculate the percent change in
39、tensile strength andelongation for each test temperature, as follows:C 5 100B/A! (1)where:C = change in tensile strength or elongation, %,A = average tensile strength or elongation for control speci-mens conditioned and tested in the standard atmospherefor testing geotextiles, andB = average tensile
40、 strength or elongation for specimensconditioned and tested at a specific test temperature.NOTE 1Under normal field conditions, geotextiles will be exposed tothe temperatures in the range of 40 to 49C 40 to 120F. Sometimesduring shipping and storage, the geotextile fabric may be exposed totemperatur
41、es other than the above range. This test should be performed atthe temperatures to which the geotextile will be exposed.12. Report12.1 The test report shall include the following information:12.1.1 State that the tests were performed as directed in TestMethod D4594/D4594M,12.1.2 Method of sampling u
42、sed,12.1.3 Report the test temperatures,12.1.4 The average breaking load and average percentapparent elongation for each direction at each test temperature,12.1.5 The temperature stability for tensile strength and forelongation at each of the test temperatures,12.1.6 Plots of average breaking load a
43、nd percent apparentelongation versus test temperature for each direction, and12.1.7 Description of the material tested.13. Precision and Bias13.1 PrecisionDue to the nature of this test method, noprecision statement can be established at present time.13.2 BiasThere is no accepted reference value for
44、 the testmethod, therefore bias cannot be determined.14. Keywords14.1 degradation; expansion; geotextile; stability; tempera-ture effectsASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this sta
45、ndard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years an
46、dif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,
47、which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-295
48、9,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 96 (2015)13
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