1、Designation: D4595 11D4595 17Standard Test Method forTensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width StripMethod1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4595; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensile properties of geotextiles using a wide-width strip specimen te
3、nsilemethod. This test method is applicable to most geotextiles that include woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, layered fabrics, knitfabrics, and felts that are used for geotextile application.1.2 This test method covers the measurement of tensile strength and elongation of geotextiles and includes di
4、rections for thecalculation of initial modulus, offset modulus, secant modulus, and breaking toughness.1.3 Procedures for measuring the tensile properties of both conditioned and wet geotextiles by the wide-width strip method areincluded.1.4 The basic distinction between this test method and other m
5、ethods for measuring strip tensile properties is the width of thespecimen. Some fabrics used in geotextile applications have a tendency to contract (neck down) under a force in the gage lengtharea. The greater width of the specimen specified in this test method minimizes the contraction effect of th
6、ose fabrics and providesa closer relationship to expected geotextile behavior in the field and a standard comparison.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriat
7、e safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International
8、Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD579 Specification for Greige Woven Glass
9、 FabricsD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD2905 Practice for Statements on Number of Specimens for Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)3D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics3. Terminology3.1 atmosphere for testing geotextiles, n.air maintained at a relative humidity of 65 6 5 % and a temperatur
10、e of 21 6 2C(70 6 4F).3.1 atmosphere for testing geotextiles, nair maintained at a relative humidity of 65 6 5 % and a temperature of 21 6 2 C(70 6 4 F).3.2 breaking toughness, T, (FL 1), Jm 2, n.for geotextiles, the actual work-to-break per unit surface area of material.1 This test method is under
11、the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechanical Properties.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011June 1, 2017. Published March 2009June 2017. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 20092011 as D4595 0
12、9.11. DOI: 10.1520/D4595-11.10.1520/D4595-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last appro
13、ved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depic
14、t all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1942
15、8-2959. United States13.2.1 DiscussionBreaking toughness is proportional to the area under the force elongation curve from the origin to thebreaking point (see also work-to-break). Breaking toughness is calculated from work-to-break, gage length, and width of aspecimen.3.2 breaking toughness, T, (FL
16、1), Jm2, nfor geotextiles, the actual work-to-break per unit surface area of material.3.2.1 DiscussionBreaking toughness is proportional to the area under the force-elongation curve from the origin to the breaking point (see alsowork-to-break). Breaking toughness is calculated from work-to-break, ga
17、ge length, and width of a specimen.3.3 corresponding force, F c, n.the force associated with a specific elongation on the force-per-unit-width strain curve. (Syn.load at specified elongation, LASE.)3.3 corresponding force, Fc, nthe force associated with a specific elongation on the force-per-unit-wi
18、dth strain curve. (Syn.load at specified elongation, LASE.)3.4 geotechnical engineering, n.the engineering application of geotechnics.3.4 geotechnical engineering, nthe engineering application of geotechnics.3.5 geotechnics, n.the application of scientific methods and engineering principles to the a
19、cquisition, interpretation, and useof knowledge of materials of the earths crust to the solution of engineering problems.3.5.1 DiscussionGeotechnics embraces the fields of soil mechanics, rock mechanics, and many of the engineering aspects ofgeology, geophysics, hydrology, and related sciences.3.5 g
20、eotechnics, nthe application of scientific methods and engineering principles to the acquisition, interpretation, and useof knowledge of materials of the earths crust to the solution of engineering problems.3.5.1 DiscussionGeotechnics embraces the fields of soil mechanics, rock mechanics, and many o
21、f the engineering aspects of geology, geophysics,hydrology, and related sciences.3.6 geotextile, n.any permeable textile material used with foundation, soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical engineeringrelated material, as an integral part of a man-made project, structure, or system.3.6 geotex
22、tile, nany permeable textile material used with foundation, soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical engineeringrelated material, as an integral part of a man-made project, structure, or system.3.7 initial tensile modulus, J i, (FL1), Nm1, n.for geotextiles, the ratio of the change in tensile fo
23、rce per unit width to achange in strain (slope) of the initial portion of a force per unit width strain curve.3.7 initial tensile modulus, Ji, (FL1), Nm1, nfor geotextiles, the ratio of the change in tensile force per unit width to a changein strain (slope) of the initial portion of a force-per-unit
24、-width strain curve.3.8 offset tensile modulus, J o, (FL1), Nm1, n.for geotextiles, the ratio of the change in force per unit width to a change instrain (slope) below the proportional limit point and above the tangent point on the force elongation curve.3.8 offset tensile modulus, Jo, (FL1), Nm1, nf
25、or geotextiles, the ratio of the change in force per unit width to a change instrain (slope) below the proportional limit point and above the tangent point on the force-elongation curve.3.9 proportional limit, n.the greatest stress which a material is capable of sustaining without any deviation from
26、proportionality of stress to strain (Hookes law).3.9 proportional limit, nthe greatest stress which a material is capable of sustaining without any deviation fromproportionality of stress to strain (Hookes law).3.10 secant tensile modulus, Jsec (FL 1), Nm1, n.for geotextiles, the ratio of change in
27、force per unit width to a change instrain (slope) between two points on a force per unit width strain curve.3.10 secant tensile modulus, Jsec, (FL1), Nm1, nfor geotextiles, the ratio of change in force per unit width to a change instrain (slope) between two points on a force-per-unit-width strain cu
28、rve.3.11 tangent point, n.for geotextiles, the first point of the force elongation curve at which a major decrease in slope occurs.3.11.1 DiscussionThe tangent point is determined by drawing a tangent line passing through the zero axis and the proportionalelastic limit. The point from the zero force
29、 axis that the force elongation curve first touches that tangent line is the tangent point.3.11 tangent point, nfor geotextiles, the first point of the force-elongation curve at which a major decrease in slope occurs.3.11.1 DiscussionD4595 172The tangent point is determined by drawing a tangent line
30、 passing through the zero axis and the proportional elastic limit. The pointfrom the zero-force axis that the force-elongation curve first touches that tangent line is the tangent point.3.12 tensile modulus, J, (FL 1), Nm1 , n.for geotextiles, the ratio of the change in tensile force per unit width
31、to acorresponding change in strain (slope).3.12 tensile modulus, J, (FL1), Nm1, nfor geotextiles, the ratio of the change in tensile force per unit width to acorresponding change in strain (slope).3.13 tensile strength, n.for geotextiles, the maximum resistance to deformation developed for a specifi
32、c material whensubjected to tension by an external force.3.13.1 DiscussionTensile strength of geotextiles is the characteristic of a sample as distinct from a specimen and is expressedin force per unit width.3.13 tensile strength, nfor geotextiles, the maximum resistance to deformation developed for
33、 a specific material whensubjected to tension by an external force.3.13.1 DiscussionTensile strength of geotextiles is the characteristic of a sample as distinct from a specimen and is expressed as force per unit width.3.14 tensile test, n.in textiles, a test in which a textile material is stretched
34、 in one direction to determine the force elongationcharacteristics, the breaking force, or the breaking elongation.3.14 tensile test, nin textiles, a test in which a textile material is stretched in one direction to determine the force-elongationcharacteristics, the breaking force, or the breaking e
35、longation.3.15 wide-width strip tensile test, n.for geotextiles, a uniaxial tensile test in which the entire width of a 200-mm (8.0-in.) widespecimen is gripped in the clamps and the gage length is 100 mm (4.0 in.).3.15 wide-width strip tensile test, nfor geotextiles, a uniaxial tensile test in whic
36、h the entire width of a 200-mm (8.0-in.) widespecimen is gripped in the clamps and the gage length is 100 mm (4.0 in.).3.16 work-to-break, W, (LF), n.in tensile testing, the total energy required to rupture a specimen.3.16.1 DiscussionFor geotextiles, work-to-break is proportional to the area under
37、the force elongation curve from the originto the breaking point, and is commonly expressed in joules (inch-pound-force).3.16 work-to-break, W, (LF), nin tensile testing, the total energy required to rupture a specimen.3.16.1 DiscussionFor geotextiles, work-to-break is proportional to the area under
38、the force-elongation curve from the origin to the breaking point,and is commonly expressed in joules (inch-pound force).3.17 yield point, n.the first point of the force elongation curve above the proportional (linear) section at which an increasein elongation occurs without a corresponding increase
39、in force.3.17 yield point, nthe first point of the force-elongation curve above the proportional (linear) section at which an increase inelongation occurs without a corresponding increase in force.3.18 For terminology of other terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D123 and Terminology
40、 D4439.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Arelatively wide specimen is gripped across its entire width in the clamps of a constant rate of extension (CRE) type tensiletesting machine operated at a prescribed rate of extension, applying a longitudinal force to the specimen until the specimenruptures. Tensi
41、le strength, elongation, initial and secant modulus, and breaking toughness of the test specimen can be calculatedfrom machine scales, dials, recording charts, or an interfaced computer.5. Significance and Use5.1 The determination of the wide-width strip force elongationforce-elongation properties o
42、f geotextiles provides designparameters for reinforcement type applications, for example design of reinforced embankments over soft subgrades, reinforced soilretaining walls, and reinforcement of slopes. When strength is not necessarily a design consideration, an alternative test methodmay be used f
43、or acceptance testing. Test Method D4595 for the determination of the wide-width strip tensile properties ofgeotextiles may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles, but caution is advised since informationabout between-laboratory precision is incomplete (Note 6). Co
44、mparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.5.1.1 In cases of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D4595 for acceptance testingof commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a s
45、tatistical biasbetween their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.AsAt a minimum, the twoD4595 173parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of thetype in question. The
46、 test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The averageresults from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability levelchosen by the two parties before the testing began. If a bias i
47、s found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaserand the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.5.2 Most geotextiles can be tested by this test method. Some modification of clamping techniques may be necessary for a givengeotextile de
48、pending upon its structure. Special clamping adaptions may be necessary with strong geotextiles or geotextiles madefrom glass fibers to prevent them from slipping in the clamps or being damaged as a result of being gripped in the clamps.Specimen clamping may be modified as required at the discretion
49、 of the individual laboratory providinglaboratory, provided arepresentative tensile strength is obtained. In any event, the procedure described in Section 10 of this test method for obtainingwide-width strip tensile strength must be maintained.5.3 This test method is applicable for testing geotextiles either dry or wet. It is used with a constant rate of extension typeextension-type tension apparatus.5.4 The use of tensile strength test methods that restrict the clamped width dimension to 50
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