1、Designation: D4618 92 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Specification forDesign and Fabrication of Flue Gas Desulfurization SystemComponents for Protective Lining Application1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4618; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforig
2、inal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the design and fabrication ofmetal co
3、mponents for flue gas desulfurization (FGD)equipment, including absorbers, tanks, chimney liners, duct-work and associated equipment that are to be lined forcorrosion or abrasion resistance, or both.1.2 Limitations:1.2.1 This specification is intended only to define the designconsiderations for succ
4、essful application and performance ofprotective linings for FGD system components.1.2.2 It does not cover structural performance of FGDcomponents.1.2.3 It does not cover use of metallic linings.1.3 This specification represents the minimum requirementsfor lining work. In cases in which the manufactu
5、rers instruc-tions and recommendations differ from this specification, thesedifferences shall be resolved before fabrication is started.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided f
6、or information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health and environmental practices and deter-mine the ap
7、plicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued b
8、y the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Design/Engineering Requirements2.1 Rigidity:2.1.1 The components shall be designed so that the interiormetal surfaces are sufficiently rigid for the intended liningmaterials. Manufacturers recommendations for maximumstrains
9、 or deflection limits for the lining material shall befollowed.2.1.2 The weight of the lining system shall be considered inthe structural design of the component.2.1.3 The design shall consider the effects of pressure, wind,seismic and other design loads.2.1.4 Vibration may cause flexing or high sur
10、face strains onthe lining. This is of particular concern to rigid lining materialsand shall be minimized.2.1.5 Special consideration shall be given to all conditionsof potentially excessive strain such as unsupported bottomareas, oil-canning, out of roundness, sidewall-to-bottom joints,and so forth.
11、2.1.5.1 Where a component is on a concrete foundation,grouting shall be done if necessary to correct unsupportedbottom areas.2.1.5.2 Sand fill shall not be used for bottom support unlessprovisions are made to ensure that the sand cannot be lost as aresult of erosion.2.2 Accessibility:2.2.1 All inter
12、ior surfaces of the components shall bedesigned to be readily accessible for welding, grinding, surfacepreparation, and lining application.2.2.2 The minimum manway size for a working entranceduring lining application shall be 36 in. (900 mm) in diameteror 24 in. (600 mm) width by 36 in. (900 mm) hei
13、ght.2.2.2.1 Closed components shall have a minimum of twomanways, one near the top and one near the bottom, preferablylocated 180 apart to facilitate adequate ventilation for work-ers.2.2.2.2 Additional or larger openings may be required tofacilitate ventilation and material handling. The lining mat
14、erialapplicator should be consulted for specific requirements.2.3 Shell Penetrations:2.3.1 Openings such as, inlets, manholes, and outlet nozzlesshall be flush with the interior wall.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D33 onProtective Coating and Lining Work for Power Ge
15、neration Facilities and is the directresponsibility of Subcommittee D33.09 on Protective Lining forAir Quality ControlSystems.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published September 2017. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4618 92 (2010).DOI: 10.1520/D4618-92R
16、17.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of In
17、ternational Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12.3.1.1 Inlet nozzles may extend into vessels if incomingfluids will be detrimental to lining materials.2.3.2 Any exterior or interior connection shall be flanged tof
18、acilitate lining.2.3.3 The maximum length of flanged nozzles, 4 in. (100mm) and greater in diameter, shall not exceed the dimensionsin Table 1.2.3.3.1 Only 4 in. (100 mm) diameter and larger nozzlesshall be used for maximum reliability of the lining system.2.3.3.2 As an alternative to lined nozzles,
19、 compatibleprefabricated, reinforced plastic, ceramic or alloy metal inserts(sleeves) may be used if they offer superior corrosion andabrasion protection. Lining shall overlap onto prefabricatedliners.2.3.3.3 If an insert is used as an alternate, the lining shalloverlap unto the insert or some other
20、 means of ensuring anadequate seal should be provided.2.3.4 Lining thickness may dictate changes in nozzle di-mensions to achieve design flow rates.2.4 Appurtenances inside Components:2.4.1 The requirements in Sections 2 and 3 apply to anyappurtenances that are being lined and installed inside a lin
21、edcomponent, such as agitators, anti-swirl baffles, gaugingdevices, internal piping, ladders, and support brackets.2.4.2 If appurtenances inside the component cannot belined, they shall be made of corrosion-resistant materials. Ifalloys are used, the lining shall carry over the welded area ontothe a
22、lloy a minimum of 3 in. (76 mm). Some linings mayrequire special designs to protect the edge of the lining. Ifbolted connections are used, dielectric insulation shall beprovided.2.4.3 Heating elements shall be attached with a minimumclearance of 6 in. (150 mm) from the surface of the linedcomponent.
23、 Greater clearance may be required to protect thelining from excessive temperature conditions depending on thetemperature of the element.2.4.4 Special precautions shall be taken in lined componentswhere severe abrasion/impingement damage may occur. Pre-cautionary design measures, such as wear plates
24、, brick liners oradded coating thickness, shall be considered when necessary.2.5 Structural Reinforcement Members and Supports:2.5.1 Structural reinforcement members (stiffeners) shouldbe installed on the vessel exterior wherever necessary.However, if such members are installed internally they shall
25、 befabricated of simple closed shapes such as round bars, pipe, orbox beams for ease of applying the lining material.2.5.2 The use of box beams or pipe for internal supports isrecommended. The use of angles, channels, I-beams and othercomplex shapes shall be avoided wherever possible. If theymust be
26、 installed internally, these members shall be fully sealwelded and the edges ground to a18 in. (3 mm) minimumradius.2.5.3 If closed chambers are formed with internal boxbeams or pipes, they shall be vented to the vessel exterior at thelowest point, so that pressures are not developed duringoperation
27、 and possible curing procedures and so that corrosion,caused by localized lining failures, can be observed early.3. Fabrication3.1 Welds:3.1.1 All internal welds to be lined shall be continuouswithout imperfections such as weld slag, weld spatter, roughsurfaces, undercutting, high peaks, porosity, s
28、harp corners,sharp edges, and inadequate thickness. Imperfections shall becorrected (see Fig. 1).3.1.2 The degree of weld preparation before lining dependson the type of lining to be applied. The lining manufacturershall be consulted for specific requirements for weld prepara-tion during the design
29、of the component and before start offabrication.TABLE 1 Maximum Length of NozzlesNominal Nozzle Size,in. (mm)Maximum Nozzle LengthShell to Face of Flange,in. (mm)4 (100) 8 (200)6 (150) 12 (300)824 (200600) 16 (400)2636 (600900) 24 (600)Over 36 (900) any lengthFIG. 1 Weld Fabrication for Lining Appli
30、cationD4618 92 (2017)23.1.3 Use of weld display samples before and after grindingmay be of help to the component fabricator in supplyingacceptable welds with a minimum required rework. All weldsshall be inspected, corrected, and reinspected before blastcleaning. Whenever possible, shop welds shall b
31、e inspectedand imperfections corrected in the fabricators shop.3.1.3.1 All weld areas shall be inspected before and afterblast cleaning. Pinholes, pits, blind holes, porosity, undercut-ting or similar depressions are not permissible in the finishedsurface. These shall be repaired. The profile shall
32、be reestab-lished as required by the lining manufacturer.3.1.4 Weld spatter shall be removed. Chipping may be usedonly if followed by grinding for the required surface finish.3.1.4.1 The use of non-silicone, antispatter coating appliedadjacent to weld areas is suggested. This coating shall be of aty
33、pe that can be removed by the final blast cleaning.3.1.5 After inspection, all undercuts and pinholes shall beeliminated by welding or grinding. All rough welds shall beground to remove sharp edges. Chipping may be used toremove sharp edges if followed by grinding.3.1.6 All edges and similar abrupt
34、contours shall be roundedoff by grinding or machining to a18 in. (3 mm) minimumradius.3.1.7 Flame cut edges shall be avoided.3.1.7.1 Where flame cut edges are necessary, they should beground to remove hardened material before blasting.3.1.8 Fillets and changes in contour shall be ground to a18in. (3
35、 mm) minimum radius where required for the selectedlining material. Any grinding done on welds, edges, and filletsshall be done carefully to eliminate potential problems causedby gouging of the parent metal.3.1.9 All internal and external welding shall be completedbefore any lining application.3.2 J
36、oints:3.2.1 All welds shall be continuous. Intermittent or spotwelding is not permitted (see Fig. 2).3.2.2 Riveted joints shall not be used. Internal bolted jointsshall not be used except to avoid welding on an already linedsurface. In this case, corrosion resistant alloy or nonmetallicbolts and a s
37、uitable gasket or sealant shall be used.3.2.3 If bolts are used to facilitate installation or welding orboth of a component, they shall be removed and holes plugwelded before the lining application.3.2.4 Lap welded joints shall be avoided whenever possible.Where they are necessary, the interior lap
38、shall be a full filletweld and finished as in accordance with 3.1.6.3.2.5 Expansion joints and bolted flanged duct or shelljoints require special lining consideration. Bolted flange jointsurfaces shall be lined before assembly. Special considerationshall be given during erection and fit-up so as not
39、 to damagethe lining.3.2.5.1 If alloy flanges are used at expansion joints, thedesign shall allow for the lining system to be applied over thealloy by 3 in. (75 mm). Some linings may require specialdesigns to protect the leading edge.3.3 During and after the lining of the equipment, no weldingshall
40、be allowed on the interior or exterior surfaces.3.4 Signs shall be hung or stenciled on the exterior surfaceof the equipment designating the following: LINEDEQUIPMENT, DO NOT BURN OR WELD. They shall bevisible from all elevations and sides of the equipment.4. Miscellaneous4.1 All lined surfaces shou
41、ld be clearly identified on alldetail and arrangement drawings.4.2 The following note shall appear on appropriate detailand arrangement drawings: All surfaces to be lined shall meetthe requirements of Specification D4618.4.3 If hydrostatic testing is to be done before lining, it shallbe performed wi
42、th clean potable water.FIG. 2 Joint Fabrication for Lining ApplicationD4618 92 (2017)35. Keywords5.1 absorbers; chemical resistant; coating; components; de-sign; desulfurization; ductwork; fabrication; FGD system; fluegas; lining; tanks; weldsFIG. 2 Joint Fabrication for Lining Application (continue
43、d)FIG. 2 Joint Fabrication for Lining Application (continued)D4618 92 (2017)4ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validi
44、ty of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your commen
45、ts are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have no
46、t received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple cop
47、ies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 92 (2017)5
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