1、Designation: D4649 03 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Guide forSelection and Use of Stretch Wrap Films1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4649; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers recommended guidelines and testmethods for the selection, specification, and use of stretch wrapfilms for unitizing
3、, reinforcing, and palletizing for indoorenvironments. This can include storage or transport, or both, inwarehouses, closed containers such as truck trailers or railboxcars, and associated transfer terminals. This guide does notcover the performance issues associated with outdoor expo-sure.1.2 The v
4、alues stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated wi
5、th its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheetingD90
6、7 Terminology of AdhesivesD996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittanceof Transparent PlasticsD1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient TechniqueD1746 Test Method for Transparency of Plastic SheetingD1894 Tes
7、t Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients ofFriction of Plastic Film and SheetingD1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics (Withdrawn 1998)3D1922 Test Method for Propagation Tear Resistance ofPlastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum MethodD2103 Specification for Polyethylene Film and SheetingD245
8、7 Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films andSolid PlasticsD2578 Test Method forWettingTension of Polyethylene andPolypropylene FilmsD2863 Test Method for Measuring the Minimum OxygenConcentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion ofPlastics (Oxygen Index)D3951 Practice for Commercial Packag
9、ingD4321 Test Method for Package Yield of Plastic FilmD4470 Test Method for Static ElectrificationD5331 Test Method for Evaluation of Mechanical Handlingof Unitized Loads Secured with Stretch Wrap FilmsD5414 Test Method for Evaluation of Horizontal ImpactPerformance of Load Unitizing Stretch Wrap Fi
10、lmsD5415 Test Method for Evaluating Load Containment Per-formance of Stretch Wrap Films by Vibration TestingD5416 Test Method for Evaluating Abrasion Resistance ofStretch Wrap Films by Vibration TestingD5458 Test Method for Peel Cling of Stretch Wrap FilmD5459 Test Method for Machine Direction Elast
11、ic Recoveryand Permanent Deformation and Stress Retention ofStretch Wrap FilmE96/E96M Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission ofMaterialsE284 Terminology of Appearance3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology found in Terminology D996shall apply.3.2 Definitions of Terms:3.2.1 blockingan undesirable
12、 adhesion between touchinglayers of a material, such as occurs under moderate pressureduring storage or use. (See Terminology D907.)3.2.2 claritythe characteristic of a transparent bodywhereby distinct high-contrast images or high-contrast objects(separated by some distance from the body) are observ
13、ablethrough the body. (See Terminology E284.)1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D10 on Packaging andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.25 on Palletizing and Unitizing ofLoads.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016. Published December 2016. Originallyapproved in 1987.
14、 Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D4649 03 (2009).DOI: 10.1520/D4649-03R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary p
15、age onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally rec
16、ognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2.3 clingthe ability of one surface of a material toadhere t
17、o itself or another surface.3.2.4 elastic recoverythe extent that a material returns toits original length after being subjected to an extension.3.2.5 elongationincrease in length (expressed as a percentof original length).3.2.6 thickness (caliper, gage) the perpendicular distancebetween opposite su
18、rface of a material.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 conventional brakinga mode of stretch wrap ma-chinery operation in which wrap material elongation isachieved by relative load motion and supply roll tension.3.3.2 core extensionthe length to which the core extendsbeyond the
19、 edge of the wrap material.3.3.3 cut growth resistancethe ability of a wrap materialto resist nick or cut propagation.3.3.4 film force to loadthe amount of force applied by thefilm to a load in providing load containment.3.3.5 film tailthat portion of wrap material that is appliedto the load after r
20、elative load motion ceases.3.3.6 food wrap materiala material designed for use indirect food contact.3.3.7 load containmentthe utilization and protection, orboth, of product(s) for distribution and storage or both.3.3.8 marking wheela device that makes repetitive marksindicating a known distance.3.3
21、.9 measured stretchsee elongation.3.3.10 mechanical prestretcha mode of stretch wrap ma-chinery operation in which wrap material elongation isachieved through the use of a prestretch device and relativeload motion.3.3.11 nonfood wrap materiala material not for directfood contact.3.3.12 overlapthe wi
22、dth of wrap material that covers aprevious layer of wrap material.3.3.13 powered prestretcha mode of stretch wrap machin-ery operation in which wrap material elongation is achievedthrough use of a power assist prestretch device and relativeload motion.3.3.14 protrusion puncture resistancethe ability
23、 of a wrapmaterial to withstand the force exerted by a protrusion.3.3.15 stretch wrap materiala material used for overwrap-ping that elongates when applied under tension and, throughelastic recovery conforms to the item(s) packaged.3.3.16 wrap cyclethe series of operations used to wrap aload.3.3.17
24、yield (coverage)area per unit weight.3.3.18 zipper (tear)a self-propagating tear.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is for user evaluation, selection,specification, and application of stretch wrap materials. It maybe used between the buyer and seller to arrive at purchasespecifications. Specific
25、methods are contained within the bodyof the guide for material evaluation, user performance, andquality assurance testing.4.2 Care must be exercised in extrapolating test valuesobtained by use of the test methods outlined in this guide, toactual field performance.5. Stretch Film Classification5.1 St
26、retch wrap films may have the following types:5.1.1 Hand applied film versus machine applied film,5.1.2 Fabrication (blown, cast),5.1.3 Cling Mechanism (two side, one side, no cling,migratory, non-migratory, one side slip, differentiated), and5.1.4 Layer (monolayer, co-extruded).5.2 Grade:5.2.1 Colo
27、rs, (clear, tints, opaque).5.3 Class:5.3.1 Food Contact, and5.3.2 Non-food Contact.6. Raw Materials and Fabrication6.1 Typical materials covered by this guide are as follows:6.1.1 Low-density polyethylene (LDPE),6.1.2 Medium-density polyethylene (MDPE),6.1.3 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE),6
28、.1.4 Metallocene/m linear low density polyethylene (mLL-DPE):6.1.5 Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA),6.1.6 Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC),6.1.7 Polypropylene (PP),6.1.8 Other polymeric materials or blends that meet therequirements of this guide. High density polyethylene (HDPE),6.1.9 Ethylene methy
29、l acrylate copolymer (EMA),6.1.10 Very low density polyethylene (VLDPE),6.1.11 Ethylene metallocene plastomers, and6.1.12 Additives, modifiers and pigments.7. Ordering Information7.1 The inquiry and order for materials shall indicate thefollowing where applicable:7.1.1 Grade and class required,7.1.2
30、 Thickness,7.1.3 Material length per roll,7.1.4 Outside roll diameter,7.1.5 Material width,7.1.6 Core dimension (inside diameter and extension), and7.1.7 ASTM designation, including revision date.7.2 Where necessary, ordering information may be ex-panded or modified for special uses or materials, su
31、ch asmethod of stretch and stretch percentage expected.8. Stretch Film and Additives Characteristics8.1 Physical and Mechanical Properties:8.1.1 The properties and test methods in Table 1 shall beused when describing the physical and mechanical character-istics of wrap materials as manufactured.D464
32、9 03 (2016)28.1.2 The practices listed in Table 2 can be an aid whendescribing performance characteristics of wrap materials, asused for unitizing, reinforcing, and palletizing.8.1.3 Some of the test methods described in Table 1 may beapplied to multiple wraps or stretched specimens, or both, toaid
33、in assessing their performance characteristics.8.1.4 Other tests that may be of value for evaluating actualperformance are given in Annex A1.8.2 Other PropertiesFood contact stretch films must con-form to FDA or other governmental regulations, or both, asapplicable.8.3 Recyclability/Disposability St
34、retch film should be re-cycled whenever possible. Disposability shall be in accordancewith local, state, and federal regulations.8.4 Static Discharge Some plastic packaging wrap mate-rials may build up static electrical charge. Care should beexercised in using these materials especially where potent
35、ialflammable air vapor or air dust mixtures can exist.9. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations9.1 The material dimensions and their permissible varia-tions shall conform to the following, unless otherwise specifiedby the user:9.1.1 Thickness (caliper, gage) is expressed in fractions ofan inch
36、 or mils. For example, the nominal thickness of 80-gagewrap material is 80/100 000, 0.00080 in., or 0.8 mils,9.1.1.1 As determined by Specification D2103, and9.1.1.2 The actual wrap material thickness shall not varymore than 625 % of the nominal gage thickness in any onepoint across the width nor 20
37、 % from the nominal thickness forthe average of five consecutive points across the web, mea-sured in a minimum of 1-in. or 25-mm increments.9.1.2 Roll Weight or YieldSee Table 3.9.1.2.1 Gross weight of hand wrap films generally under 12lb.9.1.3 The film roll width tolerance for wrap materials is 614
38、in. (6 mm) unless otherwise agreed upon between the buyerand the seller.9.1.3.1 Standard widths are 10 to 80 in. (254 to 2032 mm)plus 10 to 20 in. (254 to 508 mm) on hand wrap applications.Nonstandard widths are also available.9.1.3.2 Roll width, measured by a steel tape having anaccuracy of 618 in.
39、 (3 mm).9.1.4 The roll diameter tolerance is 65 % of nominal out-side diameter.9.1.5 The length per roll of film wrap materials shall bewithin+40% of the length as marked, or as otherwiseagreed between the buyer and the seller, as measured by atapeless measure.10. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
40、10.1 Wrap materials shall be generally free from defects thatmay affect the serviceability such as wrinkles, fold-overcreases, soft spongy areas, and gels.10.1.1 No splices are allowed.11. Sampling11.1 Sampling shall be in accordance with Practice D1898.12. Test Methods12.1 The test methods in Annex
41、 A1 are not ASTMstandards, however these procedures are a necessary part ofthis guide.13. Preparation for Delivery13.1 Lot or serial number must appear on the individual roll,pallet or case.13.2 Shipping container or individual rolls, or both, shall belabeled in accordance with Practice D3951 with t
42、he followingadditional markings:13.2.1 Product name,13.2.2 Thickness,13.2.3 Material width in inches or millimetres,13.2.4 Material length per roll in feet or meters,13.2.5 Material weight per roll in pounds or kilograms, andTABLE 1 Physical and Mechanical Properties of MaterialsPropertyCommonUnitSI
43、UnitASTM TestMethodBreaking factor 1 lbf/in. kN/m D882Clarity % % D1746Cling (peel) gm N D5458Coefficient of friction atapproximately 72 and 100F(22 and 38C). . D1894Density lb/in.3g/cm3D1505Elastic recovery % % D5459Elongation at break % % D882Flammability % 0 % 0 D2863Force at elongation (50, 100,
44、150, 200 %)lbf/in. kN/m D882Gloss . . D2457Haze % % D1003Protrusion puncture in./lb M/kgAStatic electrification V V D4470Stress retention % % D5459Tear resistance (Elmendorf) gm N D1922Ultimate tensile strength lb/in.2Pa D882Water vapor transmission rate g/24 h-100in.2g/h-m2E96/E96M,Procedure EWetti
45、ng tension dyne/cm dyne/cm D2578Yield (coverage) in.2/lb m2/Kg D4321ANew Standard Test Method for Protrusion Puncture Resistance of Stretch-WrapMaterials is under development.TABLE 2 Test Methods Related to PerformanceProcedure ASTM Test MethodTest Method for Evaluating Abrasion Resistance ofStretch
46、 Wrap MaterialD5416Test Method for Evaluating Load ContainmentPerformance of Stretch Wrap Material by VibrationTestingD5415Test Method for Evaluation of Horizontal ImpactPerformance of Stretch Wrap MaterialsD5414Test Method for Evaluation of Mechanical Handling ofUnitized Loads Secured with Stretch
47、Wrap MaterialsD5331TABLE 3 Average Weight/Yield Tolerances for Stretch WrapMaterialNumber of Rolls Tolerance, %Any one roll 7Lots over 25 5D4649 03 (2016)313.2.6 Manufacturers or sellers name.13.3 Where necessary, labeling information may be ex-panded or modified for special uses or materials.14. Ge
48、neral Uses14.1 Tensioned stretch film may be used to secure a han-dling base (skids, platforms, pallets, slip sheets, etc.) to a unitload to expedite handling (tertiary package).14.2 Stretch film may be used to secure cushioning, edgeprotection, or other package components to an individual item(offi
49、ce furniture, windows, etc.) (primary/secondary package).14.3 Stretch film may be used as a primary protective wrapfor individual products (rolled products, metal coils, etc.)(primary package).14.4 Stretch film may be used to bundle multiple productsand provide surface protection (metal extrusions, wood mold-ing) (primary package).14.5 Stretch film may be applied to rolled forage crops tofacilitate the decomposition into silage (primary package)15. Film Force Applied to the Load15.1 Concept of Load ContainmentProper load contain-ment allows
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