1、Designation: D 4675 09Standard Guide forSelection and Use of Flat Strapping Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4675; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONThis guide covers two common categories of strapping materials
3、: flat carbon steel and nonmetallicstrapping. Within each of these two broad categories, there are distinct types that lend themselves toparticular applications to differing degrees.The goal of this guide is to help the user focus on the desired elements of performance or service,and the unique prop
4、erties of each strapping material in order to judge which of these strappingmaterials is best suited for the application. Contact your supplier for further information.It is recognized that there are other materials (not covered) that may also offer acceptable solutionsor may be used in conjunction
5、with flat strapping. Also, examples of ancillary materials are shown inFig. 1.Strapping may be recyclable. Contact your supplier for further information.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information on flat strapping materi-als (steel or nonmetallic) for the prospective user wantinginitial guidance in s
6、electing a strapping material and appliedconfiguration for use in packaging (closing, reinforcing, baling,unitizing, or palletizing) and loading (load unitization andsecurement to transport vehicle) applications. The use appliesto handling, securement, storage, and distribution systems.1.2 Carrier a
7、ssociations have established certain packagingand loading requirements that in some cases specify a type ofstrap, the minimum size or strength, or both, and type of jointor seal, or both, that must be used for certain types ofshipments or under certain conditions. Users should consultwith their carr
8、iers initially to determine if there are applicable,published requirements. Individual carriers may establish theirown requirements (see 2.2).1.3 Limitations This guide is not intended to give specificinformation as to how strapping must be used in any particularpackaging or loading situation. Rathe
9、r it is intended to beinformational in nature and is offered as a starting point fortesting. The need for thorough user testing is to be emphasizedas is a review of pertinent regulations that can influence theselection of sizes, types, and possibly, application methods.1.4 The sections in this guide
10、 appear in the following order:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Significance and Use 4Safety Hazards 5General Considerations:Properties of Strap Types 6General Uses 7Strap Tension 8Packaging Design:Distribution 9Package Configuration 10Strap Selection 11Joining Methods and Properties
11、Joint Methods and Properties (except loop joint) 12Loop Joint and Seal Properties 13Coatings:Strap Coatings and Purposes 14Application:Equipment for Strap Application 15Strap Application 16Testing and Evaluation:Testing and Developing Final Package Design 17Evaluation of Strap Failure 18Keywords 19S
12、upplementary Guideline S11This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D10 on Packaging andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.25 on Palletizing and Unitizing ofLoads.Current edition approved March 1, 2009. Published March 2009. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition
13、 approved in 2006 as D 4675 062.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.FIG. 1 Applications for Steel and Nonmetallic StrappingD46750921.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given
14、in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish app
15、ro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safetyhazard statements are given in Section 5 and Note 13.1 and15.3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 3950
16、Specification for Strapping, Nonmetallic (and Join-ing Methods)D 3953 Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and SealsD 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and Systems2.2 Other Standards:Uniform Freight Classification Code, Rule 41, Section 93National Motor Freight Classif
17、ication 100-L, Item 222,Section 74ISTA, International Safe Transit Association, Pre-ShipmentTest Procedures5Association of American Railroads Railing63. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor general definitions of packaging anddistribution environments, see Terminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specifi
18、c to This Standard: Thefollowing refer to the characteristics and properties of strap-ping materials. These can be objectively measured to someextent and are used to rank the relative effectiveness ofdifferent strapping materials in different applications. Thedefinitions given here are for the purpo
19、ses of this guide onlyand do not necessarily reflect general usage or ASTM standarddefinitions. Some properties are common to both steel andnonmetallic strapping. Other properties are peculiar to nonme-tallic only, or to steel only.3.2.1 break strength, nthe longitudinal tensile force thatmust be ap
20、plied to cause a strap to rupture. (See SpecificationsD 3950 and D 3953.)3.2.2 corner break strength, nthe reduced break strengthdue to the strap being bent around an edge. (See SpecificationD 3953.)3.2.3 dead stretch (creep), npermanent deformation, re-sulting from the application of tension over t
21、ime.3.2.4 ductility in bending (resistance to “work hardening”),n ductility is the opposite of “brittleness”. This quality isrelated to corner break strength and closely allied with strengthand elongation in determining impact resistance. It is alsoimportant in tensioning applications requiring the
22、strap to bebent double, and in loop joint applications. (SpecificationD 3953 contains test procedures and specifications.)3.2.5 elongation at break, nthe increase in strappinglength due to tensile load at the time of break. (See Specifica-tions D 3950 and D 3953.)3.2.6 energy to break, nthe maximum
23、force required tobreak a strap as measured by the area under the stress-straincurve.3.2.7 environmental resistant properties (see Table 1):3.2.8 atmospheric contamination, nthe presence ofchemicals in the atmosphere which degrades strap properties.(See Section 14.)3.2.9 mechanism, nincludes applicat
24、ion, tool, tooling,tensioner, sealer, and power strap equipment.3.2.10 moisture sensitivity, nthe degradation of propertiescaused by presence of moisture or moisture vapor.3.2.11 temperature sensitivity, nthe deterioration of prop-erties caused by high or low temperatures.3.2.12 ultraviolet light se
25、nsitivity, nthe degradation ofstrapping caused by ultraviolet rays from sunlight or electriclamps.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Docu
26、ment Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Railroad Freight Classification, available from Uni-form Classification Committee, 222 South Riverside Plaze, Chicago, IL 60606.4Available from National Motor Freight Traffic Association (NMFTA), 1001 N.Fairfax St., Alexandria, VA 22314,
27、http:/www.nmfta.org.5Available from International Safe Transit Association (ISTA), 1400 AbbotRoad, Suite 160, East Lansing, MI 488231900, http:/www.ista.org.6Available from Association of American RailroadsRailing, Association ofAmerican RailroadsRailing Highwoods Center, 7001 Weston Parkway, Suite
28、200,Cary, NC 27513.TABLE 1 Strapping Preference as a Function of Handling Severity of ElementsTypeSpecification D 3953 Specification D 3950Regular-DutySteelRegular-DutyHighStrengthSteelHeavy-DutySteelBondedRayonCordBondedorWovenPolyesterCordPolypropylenePlasticNylonPlasticPolyesterPlasticUltraviolet
29、Ax x x . x . . .Moisture x x x . x x . xElevatedtemperaturesx x x x x . x xLow temperatures x x x x x . x xExposure to corrosives . . . x x x x xConcern for damageto unit surface. . . x x x x xAUV inhibitors are available for polypropylene, nylon, and polyester plastics.D46750933.2.13 joint effcienc
30、ies, njoint strength divided by theminimum acceptable breaking strength of the strap, expressedas a percentage. (See Specifications D 3950 and D 3953 forminimum acceptable percentage values.)3.2.14 joint strength, nthe highest longitudinal tensileforce that must be applied to cause a strap joint to
31、fail.3.2.15 notch sensitivity, na measure of the ability of astrapping material to resist “nick or cut” propagation.3.2.16 settling tolerance, nthe ability of a strap to remaintaut when used to confine a settling unit load.3.2.17 shear plane, na shear plane is the surface areabetween two contiguous
32、items that will allow the items to sliderelative to each other when a force is applied.3.2.18 tension transmission, nthe ability of strapping totransmit tension around an edge.3.2.19 yield point, nwhen a strap is subjected to loadbeyond its elastic limit, the point at which a strap reachespermanent
33、deformation or continues to deform without anincrease in load.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide assists the user in selecting a strappingmaterial and configuration for initial handling, transit, andstorage tests. It describes general unit (load) types, strappingproperties, unit-strapping interac
34、tion, weight considerations,unit shear planes, component frictional characteristics, and unitgeometry.5. Safety Hazards5.1 Cutting StrapAll working strapping is under tensionwhen in use. Sudden release of this tension will produce ahazard when the loose ends snap free after being intentionallyor acc
35、identally cut, frayed, or otherwise released. Contentsunder restraint or the strap itself, or both, may spring towardoperator when strap tension is suddenly released. Cuttingtensioned strap is hazardous. Use caution and follow approvedsafety procedures.5.1.1 When cutting a tensioned strap, always st
36、and to oneside of the strap being cut, pressing the strap against thepackage above the cutter.5.2 Excessive tensioning may cause strap breakage. Alwaysposition yourself to one side of strap being tensioned. Neverstand directly over or in front of a strap being tensioned.5.3 Never operate the tool in
37、 such a manner that a handcould slip resulting in a loss of balance.5.4 ReuseSince mechanical properties of strapping maybe altered by tensioning or during physical distribution cycles,the reuse of strapping is discouraged.5.5 Altering or Improper Use of TensionersDo not extendlength of handle on ma
38、nual tensioner, nor exceed the manu-facturers recommended maximum air pressure on pneumatictensioners to gain increased strap tension. To do so could resultin sudden strap failure or breakage of tensioner with potentialsevere injury to the operator.5.6 Improper UseStrapping should be used only as in
39、-tended.5.6.1 Punching or NailingNever punch strapping withnails, staples, or other sharp objects. This may cause prematurestrap failure. Also, attempting to nail through steel strappingmay present a hazard especially when power nailing orstapling. Type 2 steel strapping has pre-punched holes intend
40、edfor nail-on applications.5.6.2 Pulling or DraggingNever use strapping as a meansof pulling or dragging any packages or unit.5.6.3 LiftingNever use strapping as a means of liftingunless applied using the Unit Strap Lifting Method (USLM)system.5.7 Unit Strap Lifting Method (USLM) HazardsUSLM isa spe
41、cialized application of USLM steel strapping for overheadlifting and transport of large, heavy packages. Before consid-ering a USLM application consult a USLM system vendor andtransportation or port regulatory authorities for rules andconsiderations in application. Note the following warnings:5.7.1
42、Compliance and TrainingCompliance with allsafety aspects of USLM application is critical to protectpersonnel. Always train all users before using the USLM orhandling USLM loads.5.7.2 Specified Strapping and SealsAlways use correctlymarked USLM steel strapping and seals (see SpecificationD 3953). Str
43、apping and seals must be applied so that markingsare visible.5.7.3 Lifting CapacityConsult transport or port regula-tions and your USLM system supplier to determine the liftingcapacity of strapping. Do not exceed the calculated liftingcapacity.5.7.4 Damaged or Used Straps or SealsNever use dam-aged
44、or used USLM strap or seals.5.7.5 Stand ClearBefore lifting, be sure all personnel areaway from the unit load. Never stand underneath or near a loadbeing lifted.5.7.6 System AuditUSLM systems require periodic per-formance audit. Consult your USLM system vendor.GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS6. General Proper
45、ties of Strap Types (See Table 2, Table3, and Table 4)6.1 Steel StrappingThis product is described in Specifi-cation D 3953 and is generally classified into regular-duty,regular-duty high strength and heavy-duty strapping. Of all thetypes of strapping, steel strapping has the highest tensilestrength
46、 (break strength for a given cross-sectional area) andresistance to tension decay or creep. It is better suited toexpanding or rigid units than it is to units that settle because ithas a low settling tolerance. Regular-duty high strength strap issuggested for applications where high strength alone i
47、s theoverriding consideration. Heavy-duty and USLM steel strap-ping are suggested for applications where both break strengthand elongation are overriding considerations. Heavy-duty steelstrapping is also suggested for high-temperature applications.6.2 Nonmetallic Strapping:6.2.1 Corded Strapping (Ty
48、pe I and IA)These productsare described in Specification D 3950. Corded strapping con-sists of two basic types, rayon (Type I) and polyester (TypeIA).6.2.1.1 Of all types of strapping, polyester corded has highenergy to break for a given cross section. Heavy-duty andextra-heavy-duty polyester corded
49、 strappings are suggested forD4675094TABLE 2 Strapping Applications Commonly Used for Packaging, Unitization, and Load SecurementD4675095applications where break strength and energy to break areoverriding considerations. Polyester corded strapping is moreresistant to weathering and moisture than rayon corded strap-ping. Use wire buckles where maximum joint efficiency isrequired. Corded strapping may also be joined using plasticbuckles, seals, or hand-tied knots.6.2.2 Polypropylene (Type II)Polypropylene strapping isdescribed in Specifi
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