1、Designation: D4675 091Standard Guide forSelection and Use of Flat Strapping Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4675; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTEThe layout of Table 2 was adjusted editorially in November 2010.INTROD
3、UCTIONThis guide covers two common categories of strapping materials: flat carbon steel and nonmetallicstrapping. Within each of these two broad categories, there are distinct types that lend themselves toparticular applications to differing degrees.The goal of this guide is to help the user focus o
4、n the desired elements of performance or service,and the unique properties of each strapping material in order to judge which of these strappingmaterials is best suited for the application. Contact your supplier for further information.It is recognized that there are other materials (not covered) th
5、at may also offer acceptable solutionsor may be used in conjunction with flat strapping. Also, examples of ancillary materials are shown inFig. 1.Strapping may be recyclable. Contact your supplier for further information.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information on flat strapping materi-als (steel o
6、r nonmetallic) for the prospective user wantinginitial guidance in selecting a strapping material and appliedconfiguration for use in packaging (closing, reinforcing, baling,unitizing, or palletizing) and loading (load unitization andsecurement to transport vehicle) applications. The use appliesto h
7、andling, securement, storage, and distribution systems.1.2 Carrier associations have established certain packagingand loading requirements that in some cases specify a type ofstrap, the minimum size or strength, or both, and type of jointor seal, or both, that must be used for certain types ofshipme
8、nts or under certain conditions. Users should consultwith their carriers initially to determine if there are applicable,published requirements. Individual carriers may establish theirown requirements (see 2.2).1.3 Limitations This guide is not intended to give specificinformation as to how strapping
9、 must be used in any particularpackaging or loading situation. Rather it is intended to beinformational in nature and is offered as a starting point fortesting. The need for thorough user testing is to be emphasizedas is a review of pertinent regulations that can influence theselection of sizes, typ
10、es, and possibly, application methods.1.4 The sections in this guide appear in the following order:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Significance and Use 4Safety Hazards 5General Considerations:Properties of Strap Types 6General Uses 7Strap Tension 8Packaging Design:Distribution 9Pack
11、age Configuration 10Strap Selection 11Joining Methods and PropertiesJoint Methods and Properties (except loop joint) 12Loop Joint and Seal Properties 13Coatings:Strap Coatings and Purposes 14Application:Equipment for Strap Application 15Strap Application 16Testing and Evaluation:Testing and Developi
12、ng Final Package Design 17Evaluation of Strap Failure 18Keywords 19Supplementary Guideline S11This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D10 on Packaging andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.25 on Palletizing and Unitizing ofLoads.Current edition approved March 1, 2009. Pub
13、lished March 2009. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D4675 062. DOI:10.1520/D4675-09E01.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.FIG. 1 Applications for Steel and Nonmetallic StrappingD4675
14、09121.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any,
15、associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safetyhazard statements are given in Section 5 and Note 13.1 and15.3.2. Referenced Doc
16、uments2.1 ASTM Standards:2D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD3950 Specification for Strapping, Nonmetallic (and Join-ing Methods)D3953 Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and SealsD4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and Systems2.2 Other Standa
17、rds:Uniform Freight Classification Code, Rule 41, Section 93National Motor Freight Classification 100-L, Item 222,Section 74ISTA, International Safe Transit Association, Pre-ShipmentTest Procedures5Association of American Railroads Railing63. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor general definitions of pack
18、aging anddistribution environments, see Terminology D996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: Thefollowing refer to the characteristics and properties of strap-ping materials. These can be objectively measured to someextent and are used to rank the relative effectiveness ofdifferent s
19、trapping materials in different applications. Thedefinitions given here are for the purposes of this guide onlyand do not necessarily reflect general usage or ASTM standarddefinitions. Some properties are common to both steel andnonmetallic strapping. Other properties are peculiar to nonme-tallic on
20、ly, or to steel only.3.2.1 break strength, nthe longitudinal tensile force thatmust be applied to cause a strap to rupture. (See SpecificationsD3950 and D3953.)3.2.2 corner break strength, nthe reduced break strengthdue to the strap being bent around an edge. (See SpecificationD3953.)3.2.3 dead stre
21、tch (creep), npermanent deformation, re-sulting from the application of tension over time.3.2.4 ductility in bending (resistance to “work hardening”),n ductility is the opposite of “brittleness”. This quality isrelated to corner break strength and closely allied with strengthand elongation in determ
22、ining impact resistance. It is alsoimportant in tensioning applications requiring the strap to bebent double, and in loop joint applications. (SpecificationD3953 contains test procedures and specifications.)3.2.5 elongation at break, nthe increase in strappinglength due to tensile load at the time o
23、f break. (See Specifica-tions D3950 and D3953.)3.2.6 energy to break, nthe maximum force required tobreak a strap as measured by the area under the stress-straincurve.3.2.7 environmental resistant properties (see Table 1):3.2.8 atmospheric contamination, nthe presence ofchemicals in the atmosphere w
24、hich degrades strap properties.(See Section 14.)3.2.9 mechanism, nincludes application, tool, tooling,tensioner, sealer, and power strap equipment.3.2.10 moisture sensitivity, nthe degradation of propertiescaused by presence of moisture or moisture vapor.3.2.11 temperature sensitivity, nthe deterior
25、ation of prop-erties caused by high or low temperatures.3.2.12 ultraviolet light sensitivity, nthe degradation ofstrapping caused by ultraviolet rays from sunlight or electriclamps.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.or
26、g. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Railroad Freight Classification, available from Uni-form Classification Committee, 222 South Riverside Plaze, Chicago, IL 60606.4Available from National Mo
27、tor Freight Traffic Association (NMFTA), 1001 N.Fairfax St., Alexandria, VA 22314, http:/www.nmfta.org.5Available from International Safe Transit Association (ISTA), 1400 AbbotRoad, Suite 160, East Lansing, MI 488231900, http:/www.ista.org.6Available from Association of American RailroadsRailing, As
28、sociation ofAmerican RailroadsRailing Highwoods Center, 7001 Weston Parkway, Suite 200,Cary, NC 27513.TABLE 1 Strapping Preference as a Function of Handling Severity of ElementsTypeSpecification D3953 Specification D3950Regular-DutySteelRegular-DutyHighStrengthSteelHeavy-DutySteelBondedRayonCordBond
29、edorWovenPolyesterCordPolypropylenePlasticNylonPlasticPolyesterPlasticUltravioletAx x x . x . . .Moisture x x x . x x . xElevatedtemperaturesx x x x x . x xLow temperatures x x x x x . x xExposure to corrosives . . . x x x x xConcern for damageto unit surface. . . x x x x xAUV inhibitors are availab
30、le for polypropylene, nylon, and polyester plastics.D4675 09133.2.13 joint effciencies, njoint strength divided by theminimum acceptable breaking strength of the strap, expressedas a percentage. (See Specifications D3950 and D3953 forminimum acceptable percentage values.)3.2.14 joint strength, nthe
31、highest longitudinal tensileforce that must be applied to cause a strap joint to fail.3.2.15 notch sensitivity, na measure of the ability of astrapping material to resist “nick or cut” propagation.3.2.16 settling tolerance, nthe ability of a strap to remaintaut when used to confine a settling unit l
32、oad.3.2.17 shear plane, na shear plane is the surface areabetween two contiguous items that will allow the items to sliderelative to each other when a force is applied.3.2.18 tension transmission, nthe ability of strapping totransmit tension around an edge.3.2.19 yield point, nwhen a strap is subjec
33、ted to loadbeyond its elastic limit, the point at which a strap reachespermanent deformation or continues to deform without anincrease in load.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide assists the user in selecting a strappingmaterial and configuration for initial handling, transit, andstorage tests. It
34、 describes general unit (load) types, strappingproperties, unit-strapping interaction, weight considerations,unit shear planes, component frictional characteristics, and unitgeometry.5. Safety Hazards5.1 Cutting StrapAll working strapping is under tensionwhen in use. Sudden release of this tension w
35、ill produce ahazard when the loose ends snap free after being intentionallyor accidentally cut, frayed, or otherwise released. Contentsunder restraint or the strap itself, or both, may spring towardoperator when strap tension is suddenly released. Cuttingtensioned strap is hazardous. Use caution and
36、 follow approvedsafety procedures.5.1.1 When cutting a tensioned strap, always stand to oneside of the strap being cut, pressing the strap against thepackage above the cutter.5.2 Excessive tensioning may cause strap breakage. Alwaysposition yourself to one side of strap being tensioned. Neverstand d
37、irectly over or in front of a strap being tensioned.5.3 Never operate the tool in such a manner that a handcould slip resulting in a loss of balance.5.4 ReuseSince mechanical properties of strapping maybe altered by tensioning or during physical distribution cycles,the reuse of strapping is discoura
38、ged.5.5 Altering or Improper Use of TensionersDo not extendlength of handle on manual tensioner, nor exceed the manu-facturers recommended maximum air pressure on pneumatictensioners to gain increased strap tension. To do so could resultin sudden strap failure or breakage of tensioner with potential
39、severe injury to the operator.5.6 Improper UseStrapping should be used only as in-tended.5.6.1 Punching or NailingNever punch strapping withnails, staples, or other sharp objects. This may cause prematurestrap failure. Also, attempting to nail through steel strappingmay present a hazard especially w
40、hen power nailing orstapling. Type 2 steel strapping has pre-punched holes intendedfor nail-on applications.5.6.2 Pulling or DraggingNever use strapping as a meansof pulling or dragging any packages or unit.5.6.3 LiftingNever use strapping as a means of liftingunless applied using the Unit Strap Lif
41、ting Method (USLM)system.5.7 Unit Strap Lifting Method (USLM) HazardsUSLM isa specialized application of USLM steel strapping for overheadlifting and transport of large, heavy packages. Before consid-ering a USLM application consult a USLM system vendor andtransportation or port regulatory authoriti
42、es for rules andconsiderations in application. Note the following warnings:5.7.1 Compliance and TrainingCompliance with allsafety aspects of USLM application is critical to protectpersonnel. Always train all users before using the USLM orhandling USLM loads.5.7.2 Specified Strapping and SealsAlways
43、use correctlymarked USLM steel strapping and seals (see SpecificationD3953). Strapping and seals must be applied so that markingsare visible.5.7.3 Lifting CapacityConsult transport or port regula-tions and your USLM system supplier to determine the liftingcapacity of strapping. Do not exceed the cal
44、culated liftingcapacity.5.7.4 Damaged or Used Straps or SealsNever use dam-aged or used USLM strap or seals.5.7.5 Stand ClearBefore lifting, be sure all personnel areaway from the unit load. Never stand underneath or near a loadbeing lifted.5.7.6 System AuditUSLM systems require periodic per-formanc
45、e audit. Consult your USLM system vendor.GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS6. General Properties of Strap Types (See Table 2, Table3, and Table 4)6.1 Steel StrappingThis product is described in Specifi-cation D3953 and is generally classified into regular-duty,regular-duty high strength and heavy-duty strapping
46、. Of all thetypes of strapping, steel strapping has the highest tensilestrength (break strength for a given cross-sectional area) andresistance to tension decay or creep. It is better suited toexpanding or rigid units than it is to units that settle because ithas a low settling tolerance. Regular-du
47、ty high strength strap issuggested for applications where high strength alone is theoverriding consideration. Heavy-duty and USLM steel strap-ping are suggested for applications where both break strengthand elongation are overriding considerations. Heavy-duty steelstrapping is also suggested for hig
48、h-temperature applications.6.2 Nonmetallic Strapping:6.2.1 Corded Strapping (Type I and IA)These productsare described in Specification D3950. Corded strapping con-sists of two basic types, rayon (Type I) and polyester (TypeIA).6.2.1.1 Of all types of strapping, polyester corded has highenergy to br
49、eak for a given cross section. Heavy-duty andextra-heavy-duty polyester corded strappings are suggested forD4675 0914TABLE 2 Strapping Applications Commonly Used for Packaging, Unitization, and Load SecurementD4675 0915TABLE 2 Strapping Applications Commonly Used for Packaging, Unitization, and Load Securement (continued)D4675 0916applications where break strength and energy to break areoverriding considerations. Polyester corded strapping is moreresistant to weathering and moisture than rayon corded strap-ping. Use wire b
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