1、Designation: D4675 14aStandard Guide forSelection and Use of Flat Strapping Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4675; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONThis guide covers two common categories of flat strapping
3、materials: steel and nonmetallic. Withineach of these two broad categories there are distinct types that lend themselves in differing degrees toparticular applications.The goal of this guide is to help the user focus on the desired elements of performance or service,and the unique properties of each
4、 strapping material in order to judge which of these strappingproducts is best suited for the intended strapping application. For further information, consult withyour strapping supplier, your carrier, and any packaging/loading regulations applicable to yourproducts. It is of particular importance,
5、for both safety and satisfactory performance, that the userinforms the strapping supplier of all intended uses and usage conditions that may differ from industrycustom and practice or from intended strapping applications. Likewise, the user needs to inform thestrapping supplier of any practice of th
6、e users carrier that the user believes may differ from anyrequirement or recommendation of the carriers association or of any applicable ASTM or regulatoryprovisions. The user also should inform the strapping supplier of the following expected conditions:load, unit, or package characteristics (rigid
7、, expanding, shrinking, or combination); severity ofhandling; nature of transport equipment; storage conditions (stacking height and weight); exposure toenvironmental conditions; extreme temperatures (particularly if prolonged outdoor exposure isanticipated); exposure to chemicals; exposure to abras
8、ive surfaces; and exposure to sharp or pointedobjects that can cause nicks, scratches, or holes in the strapping. There are other materials not coveredby this guide, which may also offer acceptable solutions or may be used in conjunction with flatstrapping to provide acceptable solutions for the use
9、rs intended application. Examples of accessories,such as, edge protectors, seal protectors, etc. are shown in Fig. 1.Strapping may be recyclable but must never be reused. Contact your supplier for furtherinformation.Table of ContentsSectionIntroductionList of FiguresList of Tables1. Scope2. Referenc
10、ed Documents3. Terminology4. Significance and Use5. Safety Hazard Guidelines6. General Considerations7. General Uses8. Strap Tension9. Packaging Design10. Load, Unit, and Package Securement Configuration11. Strap Selection12. Joining Methods and Properties13. Coatings, Finishes, and Resistance to De
11、terioration of Physical Properties14. Environmental Considerations15. Lubrication16. Equipment for Strapping Application17. Strap Application18. Testing and EvaluationCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Table of ContentsSe
12、ction19. Evaluation of Strap Failure20. KeywordsSupplementary RequirementsDisclaimer and Contact InformationList of FiguresTitle Figure No.Various Strapping Applications 1Strap Cutting Techniques 2Correct and Incorrect Applied Strapping 3Notch Joint with Seals 4Crimp Joint with Seals 5Sealless Inter
13、locking Joints 6Loop Joint Secured to Stake Pocket 7Loop Joint Placement 8Buckle Styles 9Crimp Joint Seals 10Overlap Sealless Joints 11Feedwheel Hand Tool Tensioning Application 12Snap-On (Open) and Semi-Open Seals 13Windlass Type Hand Tool Application 14Thread-On (Closed) and Push Type (Overlap) Se
14、als 15Push Type Hand Tool Application 16Nested Stack (Magazine Feed) Seal 17Combination Tension and Seal-Feed Hand Tool Application 18Intersection or Cross Tie Seal 19Various Strapping Take-Up and Tensioning Methods 20Corrugated Fiberboard Box Strap Placement S1.1Cleated-Panel Box Strap Placement S1
15、.2Nailed Wood Boxes Strap Placement S1.3Wire Bound Box Strap Placement S1.4List of TablesTitle Table No.Strapping Applications Commonly Used for Packaging, Unitization, and Load Securement 1Examples of Different Package Types 2Appropriate Strapping Use as a Function of Environmental Conditions 3Pote
16、ntial Causes for Strap Failure 4Suggested Minimum Sizes of Steel and Nonmetallic Strapping for Corrugated Fiberboard Boxes S1.1Suggested Minimum Sizes of Flat Steel Strapping for Cleated-Panel Boxes S1.2Suggested Minimum Sizes of Flat Steel Strapping for Nailed Wood Boxes S1.3Weight of Contents Vers
17、us Length of Top Cleat S1.41. Scope1.1 This guide1covers information on flat strapping mate-rials (steel and nonmetallic) for the prospective user wantinginitial guidance in selecting a strapping material and informa-tion on suggested application methods for use in packaging(closing, reinforcing, ba
18、ling, bundling, unitizing, orpalletizing), and loading applications (load unitization andsecurement to transport vehicle). The use applies to handling,securement, storage, and distribution systems.1.2 Carrier associations have established certain packagingand loading requirements that (in some cases
19、) specify the typeof strap, the minimum size or strength, the type of joint or seal,and the number of straps, seals, and joints that must be used forparticular types of shipments or under certain conditions. Usersshould consult with their carriers initially to determine if thereare applicable publis
20、hed requirements. Individual carriers mayestablish their own requirements. (See 2.2.)1.3 LimitationsThis guide is not intended to give specificinformation as to how strapping must be used in any particularpackaging or loading situation. Rather, it is intended to beinformational in nature and is offe
21、red as a starting point for thetesting of strapping being considered by the user. Thoroughuser testing is essential, as is a review of pertinent regulationsthat can influence strap selection (size and type), and applica-tion methods.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas stan
22、dard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D10 on Packaging andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.25 on Palletizing and Unitiz
23、ing ofLoads.Current edition approved May 1, 2014. Published August 2014. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D4675 14. DOI:10.1520/D4675-14A.D4675 14a21.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
24、responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safetyhazard guidelines, however, are provided in Section 5.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D996 Terminology
25、of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD3950 Specification for Strapping, Nonmetallic (and Join-ing Methods)D3953 Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and SealsD4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and Systems2.2 Other Standards (most current revisions):Uniform Freigh
26、t Classification Code, Rule 41, Section 932For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Nat
27、ional Railroad Freight Classification, available from Uni-form Classification Committee, 222 South Riverside Plaza, Chicago, IL 60606.FIG. 1 Various Strapping ApplicationsD4675 14a3National Motor Freight Classification 100-L, Item 222, Sec-tion 74ISTA, International Safe Transit Association, Pre-Shi
28、pmentTest Procedure5Association of American Railroads (AAR/TTCI) ClosedCar Loading Methods and Open Top Loading Rules6IMO/ILO/UN ECE Guidelines for Packing or Cargo Trans-port Units (CTUs)7Drivers Handbook on Cargo Securement83. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor general definitions of packaging anddistr
29、ibution environments see Terminology D996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: Thefollowing refers to the characteristics and properties of strap-ping materials. These can be objectively measured to someextent and are used to rank the relative effectiveness ofdifferent strapping mater
30、ials in different applications. Thedefinitions given here are for the purposes of this guide onlyand do not necessarily reflect general usage or ASTM standarddefinitions. Some properties are common to both steel andnonmetallic strapping. Other properties pertain to just steelstrapping or to nonmetal
31、lic strapping only.3.2.1 break strength, nthe longitudinal tensile force that isapplied to cause a strap to rupture. (See Specifications D3950and D3953.)3.2.2 chemical contamination, nexposure to chemicalswhich may degrade the straps physical properties. (See Sec-tion 13).3.2.3 corner break strength
32、, nthe reduced break strengthdue to the strapping being bent around a corner or edge. (SeeSpecification D3953.)3.2.4 dead stretch (creep), nstrain (elongation) resultingfrom constant tensional stresses over time.3.2.5 ductility in bending (resistance to “work hardening”),nrefers to the ability of st
33、eel strapping to deform withoutrupture under the tensile stress resulting from bending, or itsresistance to work hardening. It is the opposite of “brittleness.”Ductility is related to corner break strength and closelyassociated to strength and elongation. (See SpecificationD3953.)3.2.6 elongation at
34、 break, nthe increase in strappinglength (strain) when the tensional loading (stress) gets highenough to cause strap failure. (See Specifications D3950 andD3953.)3.2.7 energy-to-break, nthe energy/force (total area underthe stress-strain curve), resulting from strength and elongationproperties requi
35、red to break a strap.3.2.8 environmental resistant properties, nthe ability ofsteel or nonmetallic strapping to withstand degradation from(but not limited to) exposure to sunlight, low and highhumidity, and caustic chemicals.3.2.9 initial applied tension (IAT), nhighest amount ofstress induced into
36、the strap while the tensioning mechanism isstill engaged.3.2.10 initial retained tension (IRT), nthe stress thatremains in the strap immediately after completion of the jointand removal of the tensioning equipment.3.2.11 joint effciencies, njoint strength divided by theminimum breaking strength of t
37、he strap, expressed as apercentage (For minimum acceptable percentage values, seeSection 12, and Specifications D3950 and D3953.)3.2.12 joint strength, nthe highest longitudinal tension(strain) that must be applied to cause a strap joint to fail. Afailure at the gripper marks (outside of the joint)
38、made by thehand tool, strapping head, or tensile tester specimen holdinggrippers is not to be considered the strength of the joint.3.2.13 lubrication, nan intentionally applied substance onthe strap surface that lowers the coefficient of friction.3.2.14 mechanism, ndevice used in application ofstrap
39、ping, such as tensioner and sealer, combination tool, orpower strapping equipment.3.2.15 moisture sensitivity, nthe degree to which mechani-cal properties degrade due to the presence of moisture ormoisture vapor. (See Section 13.)3.2.16 notch sensitivity, nthe measure of a strappingmaterials ability
40、 to resist tearing or breaking due to a nick orcut.3.2.17 settling tolerance, nthe ability of a strap to remaintaut when used to confine a dimensionally shrinking load, unit,or package.3.2.18 shear plane, nthe contact surface area between twoitems at which they move relative to one another when para
41、lleland opposing forces are applied to these areas. The parallelapplication of forces causes the items to slide against oneanother.3.2.19 system strength, nthe strength of an applied strap(closed loop) including both the strap and joining method.3.2.20 temperature sensitivity, nthe degree to which t
42、hemechanical properties degrade due to extreme low or hightemperatures.3.2.21 tension transmission, nthe ability of strapping toslide around a corner/edge during tensioning.3.2.22 ultraviolet (U.V.) light resistance, nthe degree towhich the mechanical properties degrade due to ultraviolet rayexposur
43、e. U.V. inhibitors are available for all types of nonme-tallic strapping.4Available from National Motor Freight Traffic Association (NMFTA), 1001 N.Fairfax St., Alexandria, VA 22314, http:/www.nmfta.org.5Available from International Safe Transit Association (ISTA), 1400 AbbotRoad, Suite 160, East La
44、nsing, MI 488231900, http:/www.ista.org.6Available from Association of American Railroads, Transportation TechnologyCenter, Inc. (AAR/TTCI), 55500 Dot Road Pueblo, CO 81001, http:/.7Available from International Maritime Organization, Publishing Service, 4Albert Embankment, London, SE1 7SR, United Ki
45、ngdom, http:/www.imo.org.8Available from Drivers Handbook on Cargo Securement, 1200 New JerseyAvenue, SE, Suite W60-300, Washington, DC 20590, http:/www.fmcsa.dot.gov/documents/cargo/cargosecurement-16-04.pdf.D4675 14a43.2.23 unit strap lifting method (USLM), na specializedapplication for overhead l
46、ifting and transport of large andheavy loads, units, or packages primarily at port facilities. (SeeTable 1.)3.2.24 yield point, nthe stress at which a material beginsto deform physically. Prior to reaching the yield point, thematerial will deform elastically and will return to its originalshape when
47、 the applied stress is removed. Once the yield pointis passed, some fraction of the deformation will be permanentand non-reversible.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended to assist the user in selectingstrapping material(s) and application method(s) for evaluationwhen subjected to handlin
48、g, transit, and storage tests. Itdescribes general load, unit and package types, strappingproperties, strapping performance, weight considerations,shear planes, component frictional characteristics, and geom-etry.5. Safety Hazard Guidelines5.1 Safety guidelines need to be followed to avoid personali
49、njury or death. Examples of safety guidelines are presentedbelow. Users should consider engaging an individual qualifiedby training to conduct a risk assessment on all strappingapplications to determine best safety practices.5.2 Strap CuttingWhen straps are under tensional loading,the release of this tension will produce a hazard when the looseends snap free after being intentionally or accidentally cut,frayed, or otherwise released. Contents under restraint or thestrap itself, or both, may spring toward or fall upon the opera
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