1、Designation: D 4687 95 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Guide forGeneral Planning of Waste Sampling1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4687; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe analysis and testing of solid waste requires collection of adequately sized, representativesamples. Wastes are found in various loc
3、ations and physical states. Therefore, each sampling routinemust be tailored to fit the waste and situation. Wastes often occur as nonhomogeneous mixtures instratified layers or as poorly mixed conglomerations. For example, wastes are commonly stored ordisposed of in surface impoundments with strati
4、fied or layered sludges covered by ponded wastewater.In these situations, the collector may be faced with sampling the wastewater, the sludge, and somedepth of soil beneath the sludges. Collecting representative samples in these situations requires acarefully assessed, well-planned, and well-execute
5、d sampling routine.Currently, Subcommittee D34.01 is working on practices for sampling wastes from a variety ofdifferent sampling locations and situations. Also in progress is a practice for containerization,preservation, and holding times for waste samples. As these documents are approved by ASTM,r
6、eference to these standards will be made in this general guide on waste sampling. Further,Subcommittee D34.01 recommends this guide be used in conjunction with the new waste samplingpractices when available in print by ASTM.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides information for formulating andplanning the
7、many aspects of waste sampling (see 1.2) whichare common to most waste sampling situations.1.2 The aspects of sampling which this guide addresses areas follows:SectionSafety plans 4Sampling plans 5Quality assurance considerations 6General sampling considerations 7Preservation and containerization 8C
8、leaning equipment 9Labeling and shipping procedures 10Chain-of-custody procedure 111.3 This guide does not provide comprehensive samplingprocedures for these aspects, nor does it serve as a guide to anyspecific application. It is the responsibility of the user to assurethat the procedures used are p
9、roper and adequate.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to
10、use. For more specificprecautionary statements see 3.2, 3.3, and Section 4.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for aCharacteristic of a Lot or Process2.2 Other Document:EPA-SW-846 Test Methods
11、 for Evaluating Solid Waste,Physical/Chemical Methods33. Significance and Use3.1 The procedures covered in this guide are general andprovide the user with information helpful for writing samplingplans, safety plans, labeling and shipping procedures, chain-of-custody procedures, general sampling proc
12、edures, generalcleaning procedures, and general preservation procedures.3.2 For purposes of this guide, it is assumed that the user hasknowledge of the waste being sampled and the possible safetyhazards.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct
13、responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 onPlanning for Sampling.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2006. Published March 2006. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 4687 95(2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cus
14、tomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Printing Office, Washing-ton, DC 20402.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
15、 C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.3 This guide is not to be used when sampling sites orwastes where safety hazards are unknown. In such cases, theuser must use other more appropriate procedures.4. Hazards4.1 Proper safety precautions must always be observedwhen sampling wastes
16、. Persons collecting samples must beaware that the waste can be a strong sensitizer and can becorrosive, flammable, explosive, toxic, and capable of releas-ing extremely poisonous gases. The background informationobtained about the waste should be helpful in deciding theextent of safety precautions
17、to be observed and in choosingprotective equipment to be used. The information obtainedshould be checked for hazardous properties against suchreferences as “Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials”the “March Index,” the “Condensed Chemical Dictionary,” andthe “Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Che
18、micals Safety Manualfor Handling and Disposal with Toxicity and Hazardous Data.”NOTE 1The following safety precautions are not comprehensive.Rather, they provide additional guidance on health and safety to comple-ment professional judgment and experience.4.2 Personnel should wear protective equipmen
19、t when re-sponse activities involve known or suspected atmosphericcontamination; when vapors, gases, or airborne particulatesmay be generated; or when direct contact with skin-affectingsubstances may occur. Respirators can protect lungs, gas-trointestinal tract, and eyes against air toxicants. Chemi
20、cal-resistant clothing can protect the skin from contact withskin-destructive and -absorbable chemicals. Good personalhygiene limits or prevents ingestion of material.4.2.1 Equipment to protect the body against contact withknown or anticipated chemical hazards has been divided intofour categories ac
21、cording to the degree of protection afforded:4.2.1.1 Level AShould be worn when the highest level ofrespiratory, skin, and eye protection is needed.4.2.1.2 Level BShould be selected when the highest levelof respiratory protection is needed, but a lesser level of skinprotection. Level B protection is
22、 the minimum level recom-mended on initial site entries until the hazards have beenfurther defined by on-site studies and appropriate personnelprotection utilized.4.2.1.3 Level CShould be selected when the type(s) ofairborne substance(s) is (are) known, the concentrations(s) ismeasured, and the crit
23、eria for using air-purifying respirators aremet.4.2.1.4 Level DShould not be worn on any site withrespiratory or skin hazards. It is primarily a work uniformproviding minimal protection.4.2.2 The level of Protection selected should be basedprimarily on the following:4.2.2.1 Type(s) and measured conc
24、entration(s) of the chemi-cal substance(s) in the ambient atmosphere and its toxicity and4.2.2.2 Potential or measured exposure to substances in air,splashes of liquids, or other direct contact with material due towork being performed.4.2.2.3 In situations where the type(s) of chemical(s), con-centr
25、ation(s), and possibilities of contact are not known, theappropriate Level of Protection must be selected based onprofessional experience and judgment until the hazards can bebetter characterized.4.2.3 Level A ProtectionPersonnel Protective Equipment:(a) Pressure-demand, self-contained breathing app
26、aratus,approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration(MSHA) and National Institute of Occupational Safety andHealth (NIOSH),(b) Fully encapsulating chemical-resistant suit,(c) Coveralls,4(d) Long cotton underwear,4(e) Gloves (outer), chemical-resistant,(f) Gloves (inner), chemical-resistant,(
27、g) Boots, chemical-resistant, steel toe and shank. (De-pending on suit construction, worn over or under suit boot),(h) Hard hat4(under suit),(i) Disposable protective suit, gloves, and boots4(wornover fully encapsulating suit), and(j) Two-way radio communications (intrinsically safe).4.2.3.1 The ful
28、ly encapsulating suit provides the highestdegree of protection to skin, eyes, and respiratory system if thesuit material is resistant to the chemical(s) of concern duringthe time the suit is worn or at the measured or anticipatedconcentrations, or both. While Level A provides maximumprotection, the
29、suit material may be rapidly permeated andpenetrated by certain chemicals from extremely high airconcentrations, splashes, or immersion of boots or gloves inconcentrated liquids or sludges. These limitations should berecognized when specifying the type of chemical-resistantgarment. Whenever possible
30、, the suit material should bematched with the substance it is used to protect against.4.2.3.2 Many toxic substances are difficult to detect ormeasure in the field. When such substances (especially thosereadily absorbed by or destructive to the skin) are known orsuspected to be present and personnel
31、contact is unavoidable,Level A protection should be worn until more accurate infor-mation can be obtained.4.2.4 Level B ProtectionPersonnel Protective Equipment:(a) Pressure-demand, self-contained breathing apparatus(MSHA/NIOSH approved),(b) Chemical-resistant clothing (overalls and long-sleevedjack
32、et; coveralls; hooded, one- or two-piece chemical-splashsuit; disposable chemical-resistant coveralls),(c) Coveralls,4(d) Gloves (outer), chemical-resistant,(e) Gloves (inner), chemical-resistant,(f) Boots, chemical-resistant, steel toe and shank,(g) Boots (outer), chemical-resistant (disposable, wo
33、rnover permanent boots),4(h) Hard hat (face shield),4and(i) Two-way radio communications (intrinsically safe).4.2.4.1 Level B equipment provides a high level of protec-tion to the respiratory tract, but a somewhat lower level ofprotection to skin. The chemical-resistant clothing required inLevel B i
34、s available in a wide variety of styles, materials,construction detail, permeability, etc. These factors all affect4Equipment is optional.D 4687 95 (2006)2the degree of protection afforded. Therefore, a specialist shouldselect the most effective chemical-resistant clothing (and fullyencapsulating su
35、it) based on the known or anticipated hazardsor job function, or both.4.2.4.2 For initial site entry and reconnaissance at an opensite, approaching whenever possible from the upwind direc-tion, Level B protection (with good quality, hooded, chemical-resistant clothing) should protect response person
36、nel, provid-ing the conditions described in selecting Level A are known orjudged to be absent.4.2.5 Level C ProtectionPersonnel Protective Equipment:(a) Full-face, air purifying, canister-equipped respirator(MSHA/NIOSH approved),(b) Chemical-resistant clothing (coveralls; hooded, two-piece chemical
37、splash suit; chemical-resistant hood and apron;disposable chemical-resistant coveralls),(c) Coveralls,4(d) Gloves (outer), chemical-resistant,(e) Gloves (inner), chemical-resistant,4(f) Boots, chemical resistant, steel toe and shank,(g) Boots (outer), chemical-resistant (disposable, wornover permane
38、nt boots),4(h) Hard hat (face shield),4(i) Escape mask4, and(j) Two-way radio communications (intrinsically safe).4.2.5.1 Level C protection is distinguished from Level B bythe equipment used to protect the respiratory system, assumingthe same type of chemical-resistant clothing is used. The mainsel
39、ection criterion for Level C is that conditions permit wearingair-purifying devices.4.2.5.2 Total unidentified vapor/gas concentrations of 5 ppmabove background require Level B protection. Only a qualifiedindividual should select Level C (air-purifying respirators)protection for continual use in an
40、unidentified vapor/gasconcentration of background to 5 ppm above background.4.2.6 Level D ProtectionPersonnel Protective Equipment:(a) Coveralls,(b) Gloves,4(c) Boots/shoes, leather or chemical-resistant, steel toe andshank,(d) Boots, chemical-resistant (disposable worn over perma-nent boots),4(e) S
41、afety glasses or chemical splash goggles,4(f) Hard hat (face shield),4and(g) Escape mask.44.2.6.1 Level D protection is primarily a work uniform. Itshould be worn in areas where: (1) only boots can becontaminated, or (2) there are no inhalable toxic substances.4.3 Personnel should not eat, drink, or
42、 smoke during or aftersampling until after decontamination steps are taken. Samplingpersonnel should be trained in safety aspects of hazardouswaste sampling.4.4 Testing air emission for determining the vapor/gasconcentrations can be accomplished through the use of aportable organic vapor analyzer. T
43、he probe should be held 1 to2 in. above the sampling point. Follow manufacturers operatinginstructions for proper calibration, use, and care.5. Sampling Plans5.1 A sampling plan is a scheme or design to locatesampling points so that suitable representative samples descrip-tive of the waste body can
44、be obtained. Developmentofsampling plans requires the following:5.1.1 Review of background information about the wasteand site.5.1.2 Knowledge of the waste location and situation.5.1.3 Decisions as to the types of samples needed.5.1.4 Decisions as to the sampling design required.5.2 Background data
45、on the waste is extremely helpful inpreassessment of the wastes composition, hazards, and extent.(See Notes 2 and 3.)NOTE 2If after researching the available background information theuser cannot obtain from the material enough information about the wasteto determine the probable composition and pro
46、bable hazards, then the usershould use other procedures. Such situations are beyond the scope of thisguide.NOTE 3The background information is needed to determine neces-sary safety equipment, safety procedures, sampling equipment and sam-pling design, and procedures to be used.5.2.1 Possible sources
47、 of information on the site and wasteinclude the following:5.2.1.1 File searches of state and local records includingwaste manifests, waste approvals, land permit applications.5.2.1.2 File searches of generator records (if the generatorcan be identified) including chemical analyses, safety datasheet
48、s, design drawings, and manufacturing process informa-tion.5.2.1.3 File searches of treatment, storage, disposal, andtransport facilities. Records involved with handling the waste.5.2.1.4 Researching published data concerning the site suchas scientific journal articles, EPA publications, and newspap
49、erstories. Newspapers are the most likely source but the infor-mation is seldom very technical.5.2.1.5 Interviews of key people such as past and presentemployees of the site or generator, state and local officials,residents of the area, etc.5.2.1.6 Aerial photographs provide a historical record of thesite development. Many federal agencies conduct aerial sur-veys that are available to the public. Some of these agenciesinclude the following:(a) U. S. Department of Agriculture(b) Soil Conservation Service (USDA-SCS).(c) U. S. Geological Survey.(d) U. S. Forest Service.(e) N
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