ASTM D4693-2007(2017) Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Torque of Grease-Lubricated Wheel Bearings《脂润滑轮轴承低温扭矩的标准试验方法》.pdf

1、Designation: D4693 07 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Test Method forLow-Temperature Torque of Grease-Lubricated WheelBearings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4693; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the

2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the extentto which a test grease retards the rotation of a speci

3、ally-manufactured, spring-loaded, automotive-type wheel bearingassembly when subjected to low temperatures. Torque values,calculated from restraining-force determinations, are a measureof the viscous resistance of the grease. This test method wasdeveloped with greases giving torques of less than 35

4、Nmat 40 C.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 WARNINGMercury has been designated by manyregulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can causecentral nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, orit

5、s vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury andmercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAswebsitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor addi-tional information. Users sh

6、ould be aware that selling mercuryand/or mercury containing products into your state or countrymay be prohibited by law.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-pr

7、iate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of Interna

8、tional Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of LubricatingGreaseD1403 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of LubricatingGrease Using One

9、-Quarter and One-Half Scale ConeEquipmentD3527 Test Method for Life Performance of AutomotiveWheel Bearing GreaseD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-

10、mometersE220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples ByComparison TechniquesE230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force(EMF) Tables for Standardized ThermocouplesE563 Practice for Preparation and Use of an Ice-Point Bathas a Reference TemperatureE585/E585M Specification for Compacted

11、 Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed, Base Metal ThermocoupleCableE608/E608M Specification for Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed Base Metal Thermocouples2.2 Military Standard:3MIL-G-10924F Specification for Automotive and Artillery2.3 ABMA Standard:4Anti-Friction Bearing Manufacturer Assoc. (AFBMA) St

12、an-dard 19, 1974 (ANSI B.3.19-1975)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D02.G0 on Lubricating Grease.Current edition approved May 1, 2017. Publis

13、hed June 2017. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D4693 07 (2012).DOI: 10.1520/D4693-07R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,

14、 refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.4Available from American Bearing Manufacturers Association (ABMA), 2025M St., NW, Suite 800, Washington,

15、 DC 20036. www.americanbearings.orgCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Pri

16、nciples for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.1.1 automotive wheel bearing grease, na lubricatinggrease specifically formulated to lubricate automotive wheelbearings at relativel

17、y high grease temperatures and bearingspeeds. D35273.1.2 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them. D41753.1.3 lubricating grease, na semi-fluid to solid product ofa dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe dis

18、persion of the thickener forms atwo-phase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant bysurface tension and other physical forces. Other ingredients arecommonly included to impact special properties. D2173.1.4 thickener, nin lubricating grease, a substance com-posed of finely-divided particles dispe

19、rsed in a liquid lubricantto form the products structure.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThe solid thickener can be fibers (suchas various metallic soaps) or plates or spheres (such as certainnon-soap thickeners) which are insoluble or, at the most, onlyvery slightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The generalre

20、quirements are that the solid particles be extremely small,uniformly dispered, and capable of forming a relatively stable,gel-like structure with the liquid lubricant. D2174. Summary of Test Method4.1 A freshly stirred and worked sample of test grease ispacked into the bearings of a specially-manufa

21、ctured,automotive-type spindle-bearings-hub assembly. The assemblyis heated and then cold soaked at 40C, unless another testtemperature is specified by the grease specification. Thespindle is rotated at 1 rpm and the torque required to preventrotation of the hub is measured at 60 s.5. Significance a

22、nd Use5.1 This test method differentiates among greases havingdistinctly different low-temperature characteristics. This test isused for specification purposes and correlates with its precursorwhich has been used to predict the performance of greases inautomotive wheel bearings in low-temperature se

23、rvice.5It isthe responsibility of the user to determine the correlation withother types of service.6. Apparatus6.1 Low-Temperature Wheel Bearing Torque Apparatus,6,7illustrated in Fig. 1.NOTE 1Several apparatus configurations are available, differingmainly in the drive system. For example, with larg

24、e cold chambers, aunitized apparatus (see Fig. 1) can be used totally within the cold chamber.With small cold chambers, the drive system can be mounted externallyand only the test unit subjected to low temperature. Regardless of theexact configuration, the essential apparatus consists of a 1/3 hp el

25、ectricmotor connected to a gear reducer by means of a timing belt and pulleys,which drive a specially-manufactured spindle-bearings-hub assemblyequipped with a spring-loading mechanism. For apparatus containedtotally within the cold chamber, the drive system should be prepared byreplacing the grease

26、 in the motor bearings with a suitable low-temperaturegrease (1 Nm torque at 40 C), such as one meeting the requirementsof Specification MIL-G-10924F or similar, and the lubricant in the gearreducer should be replaced with a suitable low-temperature ( 50 Cpour point) worm-gear lubricant.7,8In additi

27、on, if not already so-equipped, large-diameter (152 mm), narrow-width (13 mm) timing pul-leys and a suitable timing belt should be used.5Verdura, T. M., “Performance of Service Station Wheel Bearing Greases in aNew Low-Temperature Test,” NLGI Spokesman 35 10-21, 1971.6The sole source of supply of th

28、e apparatus known to the committee at this timeis available from Koehler Instrument Company, Inc., 1595 Sycamore Avenue,Bohemia, NY 11716.7If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation a

29、t a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.8The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Mobil SHC 624 (or similar), available from Mobil Oil Corporation, 3225 GallowsRd., Fairfax, VA 22037.FIG. 1 Low-Temperature Torque ApparatusD4693

30、 07 (2017)26.2 Torque Measuring System, consisting of a strain-gageload cell with a matching bridge-balance unit,7,9a suitablestrip-chart recorder to record the load-cell output, and a seriesof weights (up to 20 kg, at least) suitable for load-cellcalibration.NOTE 2In order to calculate torque from

31、force measurements, the loadcell should be located a known distance from the test-unit centerline;100 mm is convenient. A convenient way to do this is to centrally drill a1.78 mm diameter hole (No. 50 drill) in the torque arm, 100 mm from thespindle centerline; temporarily replace the load cell cont

32、act with a secondcontact having a 1.59 mm diameter pin (soldered in place) extendingabout 5 mm above the contact point; position the load cell to permitinsertion of the pin in the torque-arm hole; secure the position of the loadcell by tightening the clamping screws; replace pin contact with origina

33、lcontact before running test.6.3 Temperature Measuring System, consisting of Type T(preferred) or Type J (acceptable), 3.18 mm diameter metal-sheathed, grounded thermocouples meeting SpecificationsE585/E585M and E608/E608M and conforming to the speciallimits of error defined in Table 1 of Specificat

34、ion E230;asuitable potentiometer, satisfying the requirements for GroupsB or C as described in Test Method E220; an ASTM 73Cprecision thermometer meeting Specification E1, certified(traceable to National Institute of Standards and Technologycertification) or verified and calibrated according to Test

35、Method E77; a suitable comparator as described in TestMethod E77; and an ice bath prepared according to PracticeE563.NOTE 3Other temperature-measuring instrumentation, such as aprecision platinum resistance thermometer, may be used instead ofthermocouples, providing the limits of error are within th

36、ose defined inSpecification E230.6.4 Test BearingUse LM67010-LM67048 and LM11910-LM11949 (AFBMA Standard 19) inboard and outboard ta-pered roller bearings, respectively.6.5 Low-Temperature Test Chamber, equipped with internalfan, and capable of maintaining the spindle at 40 C 60.5 C, and with suffic

37、ient capacity to cool the spindle at therate shown in Fig. 2(A) and Fig. 2(B).6.6 Laboratory Oven, forced air, capable of maintaining70 C 6 3 C.6.7 Grease Packer, as described in Test Method D3527 orequivalent.6.8 Ultrasonic Cleaner.7,107. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade ch

38、emicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Societywhere such specifications are available.11Other grades may beused, provided it is first ascertai

39、ned that the reagent is ofsufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening theaccuracy of the determination.7.2 Ethylene Glycol, commercial automotive antifreeze.(WarningModerately toxic. Can be harmful if inhaled,swallowed or absorbed through skin. Contact can irritate eyes,or mucosa.)7

40、.3 n-Heptane, reagent grade. (WarningFlammable.Harmful if inhaled.)7.3.1 n-Heptane is recommended as the cleaning solvent forthe test bearings, as a replacement for the more hazardoussolvents used previously (chloroform and 1,1,1tricholoroethane). However, the precision of the test has notbeen estab

41、lished with the use of n-heptane. In refereesituations, contractual parties should agree on the acceptabilityof n-heptane for the test.7.4 Chloroform, reagent grade. (WarningHealth hazard.)7.4.1 This test method and the precision statement wereoriginally developed using chloroform as the cleaning so

42、lventfor the test bearings. However, the use of chloroform isdiscouraged, because of its known health hazards. If it isdeemed necessary to use chloroform in a referee situation, it isthe responsibility of the contractual parties to ensure thatproper precautions are taken.7.5 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, r

43、eagent grade. (WarningHealth hazard.)7.5.1 This test method was revised in the past to specify theuse of 1,1,1trichloroethane as a replacement for chloroform.However, 1,1,1trichloroethane also has health and environ-mental risks associated with its use. Therefore, its use isdiscouraged for this test

44、 method, and it is recommended thatn-heptane is used instead. If it is deemed necessary to use1,1,1trichloroethane in a referee situation, it is the responsi-bility of the contractual parties to ensure that the properprecautions are taken.NOTE 4This test method (and the precision values) was origina

45、llydeveloped using chloroform. This was subsequently replaced by 1,1,1-trichloroethane which was declared an ozone depleting substance by theU.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA). Federal regulations ban theproduction of this material after December 31, 1995, but existing stocks9The sole source

46、of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis a Model 3167-50 load cell and matching electronic circuitry, available fromLebow Associates, Inc., 1728 Maplelawn, Troy, MI 48062.10The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Bransonic 220, having

47、a capacity of about 4 L operating at an output frequencyof about 55 kHz, with a power input of about 125 W, available from BransonUltrasonics Corporation, 41 Eagle Rd., Danbury, CT 06813-1961.11Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications , AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. Fo

48、r suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.TABLE 1 Torque Test Res

49、ults at 40C with NLGI ReferenceSystem A (Batch 3)Mean value 3.7 NmStandard deviation 0.67 NmConfidence limits, 95 %:Lower 3.2Upper 4.1D4693 07 (2017)3may continue to be used. Currently there are no EPArestrictions on the useof chloroform, but the user should be aware of its health hazards, if it isused. No other solvent (including n-heptane) intended as a substitute for1,1,1-trichloroethane in this test method has been cooperatively evaluated.(WarningIf the functionally equivalent solvent is flammable or a healthhazard, proper precauti