1、Designation: D 4724 99 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Test Method forEntanglements in Filament Yarns by Needle Insertion1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4724; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers two options for the measure-ment of entanglements in filament yarns using needle inserti
3、onoptions for instrument (A) and manual (B) techniques.1.2 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units (inparentheses) are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system must be used independently of the otherwithout
4、combining values in any way.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations
5、prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for TestingD 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 entanglement, nthe extent or degree to which thefilaments in a yarn are
6、interlocked and cannot be readilyseparated.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThere are two kinds of entanglements,intermediary (loose) node and hard (tight) node. Intermediarynodes are pulled out easily under tension or separated by aneedle. This test method is a measure of the presence of hardnodes in which the in
7、terlocking or interlacing is compactpulling the yarn bundle together.3.1.2 filament yarn, na yarn composed of (continuous)filaments assembled with or without twist.3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A summary of
8、 each option is in the section for thatoption.5. Significance and Use5.1 Option 1 of this test method for the determination of thedegree of filament yarn entanglement, as measured instrumen-tally, is used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments;however, caution is advised because information
9、on between-laboratory precision is lacking. Comparative tests, as directedin 5.1.1, may be advisable.5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-tween the reported test results for two or more laboratories,comparative tests should be performed by those laboratories todetermine if the
10、re is a statistical bias between them, usingcompetent statistical assistance. As a minimum, samples usedfor each comparative test should be as homogeneous aspossible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samplesthat results in disparate results during initial testing, andrandomly assigned in e
11、qual numbers to each laboratory. Otherfabrics with established test values may be used for thispurpose. The test results from the laboratories involved shouldbe compared appropriate statistical analysis and a probabilitylevel chosen by the two parties before testing begins, at aprobability level cho
12、sen prior to the testing series. If a bias isfound, either its cause must be found and corrected or futuretest results must be adjusted in consideration of the knownbias.5.2 Option 2 for this test method is intended for use whenthe supply of yarn is limited.5.3 The instrumental option of this test m
13、ethod is based onthe total randomization of the entanglements in the yarn;therefore, the distance measured between the point of insertion1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on General Yarn TestMethods.Cu
14、rrent edition approved April 1, 2005. Published June 2005 Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D472499.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume in
15、formation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.of a pin in the middle of the yarn and the point at which anentanglement is encountered, by movement of the ya
16、rn or thepin until it is stopped at a preset level of force, is representativeof the distance between two entanglements at some location inthe yarn.5.4 Entanglements are used frequently instead of twist toensure the integrity of filament yarns. Such entanglementsgenerally give somewhat less protecti
17、on during weaving orknitting than twist, but with proper care, will perform quitesatisfactorily.6. Sampling and Test Specimens6.1 Primary Sampling UnitConsider shipping containersof yarn to be the primary sampling unit.NOTE 1A realistic specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and the s
18、upplier requires taking into account the variabilitybetween shipping containers, packages within a shipping container, andsuccessive lengths from a package to provide a plan that, at the specifiedlevel for the property of interest, has a meaningful producers risk,consumers risk, acceptable quality l
19、evel, and limiting quality level.6.2 Laboratory Sample UnitFor each primary samplingunit, take laboratory sampling units as directed in PracticeD 2258. Do not rewind or transfer material from packagestaken from shipping containers to another packages.6.3 Test SpecimenFor acceptance testing, use labo
20、ratoryunits as a source of specimens. Make 20 observations on eachlaboratory sampling unit.7. Conditioning7.1 Preparation of Test PackageBefore preconditioningor conditioning the test package, remove at least 100 m or 110yds of yarn from the test package to avoid testing nonrepre-sentative yarn.7.2
21、PreconditioningNormally, preconditioning is not nec-essary unless the test packages are received with higher thanthe normal moisture level. If preconditioning is necessary, treatthe packages as directed in Practice D 1776.7.3 ConditioningCondition the test packages as directedin Practice D 1776.OPTI
22、ON 1INSTRUMENTAL MEASUREMENT OFTHE DEGREE OF ENTANGLEMENT OF FILAMENTYARN8. Summary of Option8.1 A yarn is passed at constant speed and constant preten-sion through the thread path of the instrument. After a requiredyarn length has run through, the yarn is pierced by a needle,and advanced automatica
23、lly until a preset needle tension isattained. Then, the needle is withdrawn, and the yarn lengthfrom insertion to this critical point is measured automatically.This cycle of yarn advance, piercing by the needle, and lengthmeasurement is repeated for a predetermined number of times.The individual mea
24、sured pulled yarn lengths and the total ofthese yarn lengths are automatically recorded.9. Apparatus9.1 Automatic Needle Pull Entanglement Testers, rapidautomatic pin insertion detector (RAPID)3and Rothschildautomatic yarn entanglement testers NPT.4,59.2 Standard Laboratory Weights, ranging from 1 t
25、o 100 g.9.3 Stopwatch, with15-s divisions.9.4 Speed Indicator, tachometer, 0 to 1000 rpm range.9.5 Magnetic Whorl Tensioning Device, optional.10. Procedure10.1 Test the yarn in the standard atmosphere for testingtextiles, which is 21 6 1C (70 6 2F) and 65 6 2 % relativehumidity.10.2 Calibrate the en
26、tanglement tester and tensiometer asprescribed by the instrument manufacturer.10.3 Mount the test package on a suitable holder.10.4 Yarn PretensionCalculate the pretension by usingone of the equations below:YP g!5D 0.5! 0.75 (1)YP cN!5T 0.5! * 0.70 (2)10.5 Trip Level TensionCalculate the trip level
27、by usingone of the equations below:TLTg!5D 0.35! * 3.5 (3)TLT cN!5T 0.35! * 3.31 (4)where:YP = Yarn pretension,TLT = trip level tension, c/tex (gf/d),T = linear density, tex,D = linear density, denier, andF = filament count.10.6 Set the RAPID instrument as follows:10.6.1 Measuring Speed1020 m/min.10
28、.6.2 Observations/Package20.10.6.3 No-Show LengthRefer to the manufacturersmanual.10.6.4 Present the loose end of the yarn to the inlet gun (seeFig. 1). The instrument will string up, automatically strip someyarn, start the measurement cycle, and discard the tested yarnto waste.10.6.4.1 If there is
29、no entanglement in the “No-Show”length, the instrument will do the following:(1) If the “Pin Miss Ignored Limit” has not been exceeded,rotate the pinwheel, reinsert the needle in the yarn, andcontinue testing. The test is aborted and a “No-Show” re-corded.(2) If the “Pin Miss Ignored Limit” has been
30、 exceeded, entera “Freeze” state and request confirmation of pin insertion. Theoperator will restart the test if the pin did not pierce the yarn(increasing the “Pin Miss Count” by 1, or the operator will3Available from W. Fritz Mezger, Inc., 155 Hall Street, Spartanburg, SC293021523; and, Lenzing, T
31、echnik Div., Lenzing, Austria.4Available from Rothschild Instruments, Zurich, Switzerland or from Lawson-Hemphill Sales, Inc., P.O. Drawer 6388, Spartanburg, SC 29304.5A lamp satisfying this requirement is obtainable from Jenson Tools, Inc.,Tempe, AZ.D 4724 99 (2005)2acknowledge pin piercing by pres
32、sing the “Confirm” buttondesignating this a true no entanglement section, which adds thelength to the results.10.7 Set the Rothschild instrument as follows:10.7.1 Measuring Speed1020 m/min.10.7.2 Forwarding Time5 s.10.7.3 Observations/Package (decade counter)20.10.7.4 No-Show Length500 mm or as spec
33、ified by user.This is an optional setting and the length should be establishedbased on the product or end-use of the product.10.7.5 Feed the yarn from the package through the preten-sion device. The yarn then is threaded across the needlepiercing section and through the measuring head. Then, yarngoe
34、s to a yarn speed roll and is taken up to the “Take-up” wheel(see Fig. 2) or can bypass the “Take-up” wheel and go into theaspirator after the yarn speed roll, to prevent buildup on thetake-up wheel. The software initializes a specified length forstripping and starts the test.10.7.5.1 If there is no
35、 entanglement in the “No-Show”length, the instrument will do the following:(1) Stop the yarn and withdraw the needle.(2) Record a “No-Show” in the software (and on theprintout).(3) Reinsert the needle into the yarn and wind until a node(entanglement) is detected.(4) The first entanglement after a “N
36、o-Show” is ignored.(5) The needle is withdrawn, and the yarn is advanced thespecified length of the entanglement and is reinserted into theyarn and the test continues. This is to ensure that an accuratereference between entanglement is established.10.7.6 Remove the yarn from the take-up wheel freque
37、ntlyto avoid excessive waste build-up. Use care if a sharp blade isFIG. 1 Yarn String-Up Diagram for Rapid Automatic Pin Insertion Detector (RAPID)FIG. 2 Yarn String-Up Diagram for Rothschild Needle Insertion Entanglement ApparatusD 4724 99 (2005)3used. To avoid any build-up, the yarn may be placed
38、in theaspirator after the last wrap on the “Yarn speed roll.”11. Calculations11.1 The tester computer will calculate the average numberof entanglements per metre using Eq 5:EPM 5 C/L (5)where:EPM = average number of entanglements/m,C = count of entanglements, assigned nodes/m (aim) forRAPID or prese
39、t for 20 for the Rothschild testers,andL = sum of the distances between entanglements in theyarn tested, m.11.2 Calculate the average entanglements/m for the lot.12. Report12.1 State that the packages were tested as directed inOption 1 of Test Method D 4724. Describe the material orproduct sampled a
40、nd the method of sampling used.12.2 The report shall include the following information:12.2.1 Nominal linear density.12.2.2 Pretension level used.12.2.3 Trip level tension used.12.2.4 Measuring speed.12.2.5 Transport time.12.2.6 The distances between entanglements for each speci-men.12.2.7 No show d
41、istance and any no shows encountered foreach specimen.12.2.8 The EMC for each package and the average for thelot.12.2.9 The instrument used.12.2.10 Any modifications to the test.OPTION 2MANUAL MEASUREMENT OF DEGREEOF FILAMENT ENTANGLEMENT13. Summary of Option13.1 A stationary needle is inserted in t
42、he yarn. A hook isplaced in the same opening made by the needle. The hook isattached to one end of a flexible cord and a tensioning weightto the other end of the cord. The weight is allowed to dropvertically and gradually until the hook is stopped by anentanglement in the yarn. The needle is then mo
43、ved in theopposite direction along the length of the specimen until itencounters another entanglement. The distance between thehook and needle is recorded as the distance between entangle-ments. See Fig. 314. Apparatus14.1 Weight, 2.5 6 0.01 g.14.2 J-Shaped Hook, approximately 25 mm long.14.3 Cord,
44、or thread, flexible, No. 50 cotton.14.4 Illuminated Magnifier4, with a lens capable of 3x to10x magnifications.FIG. 3 Entanglement Tester (Manual Method)D 4724 99 (2005)414.5 Horizontal Test Board, equipped with a sliding metricscale, movable black plastic perforated card 25 by 75 by 1.6mm (1.0 by 3
45、.0 by116 in.), and yarn clamp.14.6 Air Jet Suction.14.7 Pick Needle.14.8 Tensiometer.15. Procedure15.1 Test the yarn in the standard atmosphere for testingtextiles, which is 21 6 1C (70 6 2F) and 65 6 2 % relativehumidity.15.2 Place the yarn package on a suitable stand under thetable supporting the
46、test apparatus.15.3 Feed the yarn through the test apparatus.15.4 Open the main air valve completely for the air jetsuction device and strip off the outside layer of yarn.15.5 Attach the J-hook to one end of the cord, or thread, andfeed the other end through the guide at the left side of the testboa
47、rd. Cut the cord to a length that allows it to hang at least750 mm above the floor. Attach the weight to the free end ofthe cord.15.6 Adjust tension on the yarn to 0.1 cN (0.01 gf/d) usinga valve at the air jet. Do this while the air jet is pulling againstthe yarn that is held stationary by a clamp
48、on the right side ofthe test board.15.7 Place the magnifier over the control test area.15.8 Slide the plastic card under the yarn.15.9 Push the pick needle through the center of the yarn andmake an opening wide enough for the J-hook. Extend the pickneedle into a hole in the card.15.10 Insert the hoo
49、k into the opening next to the pickneedle and let the hook move gently to the left until it catcheson an entanglement (hard node) and its mass holds it in theyarn.15.11 With the pick needle still in the yarn, pull it from thecard and gently move it to the right until resistance due toanother entanglement (hard node) is encountered.15.12 Move the card out of the way, measure the distancebetween the hook, and pick needle (two entanglements) to thenearest mm.15.13 Remove the hook and pick needle, open the clampand allow yarn to pass th
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