ASTM D4737-2009 Standard Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation.pdf

1、Designation: D4737 09Standard Test Method forCalculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4737; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A

2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 The calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equationprovides a means for estimating the ASTM cetane number(Test Method D613) of disti

3、llate fuels from density anddistillation recovery temperature measurements. The valuecomputed from the equation is termed the Calculated CetaneIndex by Four Variable Equation.1.2 The Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equationis not an optional method for expressingASTM cetane number.It is a s

4、upplementary tool for estimating cetane number whena result by Test Method D613 is not available and if cetaneimprover is not used. As a supplementary tool, the CalculatedCetane Index by Four Variable equation must be used with dueregard for its limitations.1.3 Procedure A is to be used for Specific

5、ation D975,Grades No. 1D S15, No. 1D S500, No. 1D S5000, No. 2DS5000, and No. 4D. This method for estimating cetanenumber was developed by Chevron Research Co.2ProcedureAis based on a data set including a relatively small number ofNo. 1D fuels. Test Method D4737 Procedure A may be lessapplicable to

6、No.1D S15, No. 1D S500, and No. 1 D S5000than to No. 2D grade S5000 or to No. 4D fuels.1.4 Procedure B is to be used for Specification D975,Grades No. 2D S15 and No. 2D S500.1.5 The test method “Calculated Cetane Index by FourVariable Equation” is particularly applicable to Grade 1DS5000, Grade No.

7、1D S500, Grade No. 2D S5000 and GradeNo. 2D S500 diesel fuel oils containing straight-run andcracked stocks, and their blends. It can also be used for heavierfuels with 90 % recovery points less than 382C and for fuelscontaining derivatives from oil sands and oil shale.NOTE 1Sxx is the designation f

8、or maximum sulfur level specified forthe grade. For example, S500 grades are those with a maximum sulfurlimit of 500 ppm (g/g).1.6 Biodiesel blends are excluded from this test method,because they were not part of the datasets use to develop eitherProcedure A or B.1.7 The values stated in SI units ar

9、e to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices

10、 and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel OilD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1298 Test Meth

11、od for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution ofPetroleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital D

12、ensity MeterD6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100)for Middle Distillate Fuels3. Summary of Test Method3.1 Two correlations in SI units have been establishedbetween the ASTM cetane number and the density and 10 %,50 %, and 90 % distillation recovery temperatures of the fuel.Procedu

13、re A has been developed for diesel fuels meeting therequirements of Specification D975 Grades No. 1D S15, No.1D S500, No. 1D S5000, No. 2D S5000, and No. 4D. Therelationship is given by the following equation:CCI 5 45.2 1 0.0892! T10N! 1 0.131 1 0.901!B!#T50N# (1)1 0.0523 2 0.420!B!#T90N# (1)1This t

14、est method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.E0.02 on Diesel Fuel Oils.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published November 2009. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2

15、004 as D473704. DOI:10.1520/D4737-09.2Ingham, M. C., et al., “Improved Predictive Equations for Cetane Number,”SAE Paper No 860250, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Common-wealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact

16、ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Con

17、shohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1 0.00049T10N!22 T90N!2# (1)1 107!B! 1 60!B!2(1)where:CCI = Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equa-tion,D = Density at 15C, g/mL determined by Test Meth-ods D1298 or D4052,DN = D - 0.85,B =e(-3.5)(DN)-1,T10= 10 % recovery temperature, C, determined byTe

18、st Method D86 and corrected to standard baro-metric pressure,T10N=T10- 215,T50= 50 % recovery temperature, C, determined byTest Method D86 and corrected to standard baro-metric pressure,T50N=T50- 260,T90= 90 % recovery temperature, C, determined byTest Method D86 and corrected to standard baro-metri

19、c pressure, andT90N=T90- 310.3.2 The empirical equation for Procedure A of the Calcu-lated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation was derivedusing a generalized least squares fitting technique whichaccounted for measurement errors in the independent variables(fuel properties) as well as in the depen

20、dent variable (cetanenumber by Test Method D613). The data base consisted of1229 fuels including; commercial diesel fuels, refinery blend-ing components and fuels derived from oil sands, shale, andcoal. The analysis also accounted for bias amongst the indi-vidual sets of data comprising the database

21、.3.3 Procedure B has been developed for diesel fuels meetingthe requirements of Specification D975 Grade 2D S15 andNo. 2D S500. The relationship is given by the followingequation:CCI 52386.26D! 1 0.1740 T10! 1 0.1215 T50! 1 0.01850 T90!1 297.42 (2)where:CCI = Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable

22、 EquationD = Density at 15C, g/mL determined by Test MethodsD1298 or D4052T10= 10 % recovery temperature, C, determined by TestMethod D86 and corrected to standard barometricpressureT50= 50 % recovery temperature, C, determined by TestMethod D86 and corrected to standard barometricpressureT90= 90 %

23、recovery temperature, C, determined by TestMethod D86 and corrected to standard barometricpressure3.3.1 The equation for Procedure B when T10,T50, and T90are in F is:CCI 52386.26D! 1 0.09668 T10! 1 0.06751 T50! 1 0.01028 T90!1 291.83 (3)where:CCI = Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable EquationD

24、= Density at 15C, g/mL determined by Test MethodD1298 or D4052T10= 10 % recovery temperature, F, determined by TestMethod D86 and corrected to standard barometricpressureT50= 50 % recovery temperature, F, determined by TestMethod D86 and corrected to standard barometricpressureT90= 90 % recovery tem

25、perature, F, determined by TestMethod D86 and corrected to standard barometricpressure3.4 The empirical equation for Procedure B of the Calcu-lated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation was derivedfrom National Exchange Group data for 87 No. 2D S15 andNo. 2D S500 diesel fuels with sulfur level betw

26、een 16 and500 ppm using a Partial Least Squares technique. A 2-principalcomponent model was chosen. The model was validated witha set of 980 diesel fuels with sulfur levels in the same range.4. Significance and Use4.1 The Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equationis useful for estimating ASTM

27、 cetane number when a testengine is not available for determining this property directlyand when cetane improver is not used. It may be convenientlyemployed for estimating cetane number when the quantity ofsample available is too small for an engine rating. In caseswhere the ASTM cetane number of a

28、fuel has been previouslyestablished, the Calculated Cetane Index by Four VariableEquation is useful as a cetane number check on subsequentbatches of that fuel, provided the fuels source and mode ofmanufacture remain unchanged.4.2 Within the range from 32.5 to 56.5 cetane number, theexpected error of

29、 prediction of Procedure A of the CalculatedCetane Index by Four Variable Equation will be less than 62cetane numbers for 65 % of the distillate fuels evaluated.Errors may be greater for fuels whose properties fall outsidethe recommended range of application.5. Procedure5.1 Determine the density of

30、the fuel at 15C to the nearest0.0001 g/mL, as described in Test Method D1298 or TestMethod D4052.5.2 Determine the 10 %, 50 %, and 90 % recovery tempera-tures of the fuel, as described in Test Method D86.5.3 Test Method D2887 maybe used as an alternative to TestMethod D86 to determine the 10%, 50%,

31、90% recoverytemperatures of the fuel.5.3.1 If Test Method D2887 is used, convert the TestMethod D2887 data to estimated Test Method D86 datafollowing Appendix X5, Correlation of Jet and Diesel Fuel, ofTest Method D2887 and use the estimated Test Method D86data in place of actual Test Method D86 data

32、 in the calcula-tions.5.3.2 Provision for use of Test Method D2887 data in thistest method is intended to facilitate its use in determiningcompliance with Specification D975 requirements. If this testmethod is used for purposes other than Specification D975compliance, the use of estimated Test Metho

33、d D86 data shouldbe reviewed to ensure it is acceptable.D4737 0926. Calculation or Interpretation of Results6.1 Compute the Calculated Cetane Index by Four VariableEquation using the equation given in 3.1 (Procedure A) forGrades 1D S15, 1D S500, 1D S5000, 2D S5000, and 4D.The calculation of Procedur

34、e A is more easily performed usinga computer or programmable hand calculator. Round the valueobtained to the nearest one-tenth. Compute the CalculatedCetane Index by Four Variable Equation using the equationgiven in 3.3. (Procedure B) for Grade 2D S15 and 2D S500.6.1.1 Calculated Cetane Index by Fou

35、r Variable Equation(Procedure A) can also be easily determined by means of thenomographs (applicable to Procedure A only) appearing inFigs. 1-3. Fig. 1 is used to estimate the cetane number of a fuelbased on its density at 15C and its 50 % recovery temperature.Fig. 2 is used to determine a correctio

36、n for the estimate fromFig. 1 to account for deviations in the density and the 90 %recovery temperature of the fuel from average values. Fig. 3 isused to determine a second correction for the estimate fromFig. 1 to account for deviations in the 10 % and the 90 %recovery temperatures of the fuel from

37、 average values. Thecorrections determined from Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 are summedalgebraically with the cetane number estimate from Fig. 1 tofind the Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation(Procedure A). The method of using these nomographs isindicated by the illustrative example shown below an

38、d on Figs.1-3.Measured Fuel PropertiesTest Method D613 Cetane Number 37.0Test Method D1298 Density at 15C, kg/L 0.885FIG. 1 Calculated Cetane IndexFIG. 2 Calculated Cetane IndexFIG. 3 Calculated Cetane IndexD4737 093Test Method D86 10 % Recovery Temperature, C 234Test Method D86 50 % Recovery Temper

39、ature, C 274Test Method D86 90 % Recovery Temperature, C 323Calculated Cetane IndexEstimate from Fig. 1 34.0Correction from Fig. 2 +0.6Correction from Fig. 3 +2.5_CCI = 37.16.2 The Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equationpossesses certain inherent limitations which must be recog-nized in it

40、s application. These are as follows:6.2.1 It is not applicable to fuels containing additives forraising the cetane number.6.2.2 It is not applicable to pure hydrocarbons, nor tonon-petroleum fuels derived from coal.6.2.3 It is not applicable to fuels containing biodiesel asdefined by Specification D

41、6751.6.2.4 Substantial inaccuracies in correlation may occur ifthe equation is applied to residual fuels or crude oils.7. Report7.1 Report the result of Procedure A or Procedure B to onedecimal place (XX.X) as:Cetane Index by D4737 Procedure A or B!5_(4)8. Precision and Bias8.1 The determination of

42、Calculated Cetane Index by FourVariable Equation from measured density at 15C and mea-sured 10 %, 50 % and 90 % recovery temperatures is exact.8.2 PrecisionThe precision of the Calculated Cetane In-dex by Four Variable Equation is dependent on the precision ofthe original density and recovery temper

43、ature determinationswhich enter into the calculation. Test Method D1298 has astated repeatability limit of 0.0006 kg/L and a stated reproduc-ibility limit of 0.0015 kg/L at 15C. Test Method D4052 has astated repeatability of 0.0001 g/mL and reproducibility of0.0005 g/mL. Test Method D86 has stated r

44、epeatability andreproducibility limits which vary with the rate of change ofrecovery temperature. See Figs. 2 through 7 and Tables 7through 10 of Test Method D86 for details.8.3 BiasNo general statement is made on bias of this testmethod since a comparison with accepted reference values isnot availa

45、ble.9. Keywords9.1 cetane; cetane index; diesel fuelSUMMARY OF CHANGESSubcommittee D02.E0.02 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D473704) that may impact the use of this standard.(1) Revised 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 3.1, 3.3, 3.4, 5.2, and 6.1.(2) Added Note 1

46、, 1.6, and 6.2.3.(3) Added Specification D6751 to the Referenced Documents.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity

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