1、Designation: D4753 07D4753 15Standard Guide forEvaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances andStandard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and ConstructionMaterials Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4753; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofo
2、riginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide provides minimum requirements for general-purpos
3、e scales, balances, and standard masses used in testing soil,rock, and related construction materials.1.2 This guide provides guidance for evaluating, selecting, and specifying general purpose scales, balances, and standard massesused in testing soil, rock, and related construction materials.1.3 The
4、 accuracy requirements for balances and scales are specified in terms of the combined effect of all sources of errorcontributing to overall balance performance. The measurement of specific sources of error and consideration of details pertainingto balance construction havehas been intentionally avoi
5、ded.1.4 This guide does not include requirements for balances and scales having accuracies greater than those generally requiredin testing soil, rock, and related construction materials or for research programs or specialized testing requirements.1.5 This guide does not apply to nongraduated balance
6、s.1.6 This guide does not address the methods used to verify or quantify specific parameters dealing with balances and scales.For a description of tests used in evaluating balance performance, see NIST Handbook 44.1.7 This guide is not intended to be used as a specification for the purchase of balan
7、ces and scales.NOTE 1The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), formerly the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), and the InternationalOrganization of Legal Metrology (OIML) publish standards or practices that specify construction requirements as well as performance guides forbalances
8、. ASTM, OIML, and NIST publish construction standards and tolerances for standard masses.NOTE 2The terms “mass” and “determine the mass of” are used in this standard instead of the more commonly used terms “weight” and “weigh”to comply with standard metric practice. In addition, the term “standard m
9、ass(es)” is used instead of standard “standard weight(s)” when referring to apiece of material of known specified mass used to compare or measure the mass of other masses.NOTE 1The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), formerly the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), and the Interna
10、tionalOrganization of Legal Metrology (OIML) publish standards or practices that specify construction requirements as well as performance guides forbalances. ASTM, OIML, and NIST publish construction standards and tolerances for standard masses.NOTE 2The terms “mass” and “determine the mass of” are
11、used in this standard instead of the more commonly used terms “weight” and “weigh”to comply with standard metric practice. In addition, the term “standard mass(es)” is used instead of standard “standard weight(s)” when referring to apiece of material of known specified mass used to compare or measur
12、e the mass of other masses.1.8 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgement.judgment. Not all aspect
13、s of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended torepresent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects many unique aspects. The
14、word “Standard” in the title of this documentmeans only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish
15、appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.95 on Information Retrieval andData Automation.Current edit
16、ion approved July 15, 2007May 1, 2015. Published August 2007May 2015. Originally approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 20022007 asD4753 02.D4753 07. DOI: 10.1520/D4753-07.10.1520/D4753-15.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard
17、 an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is
18、 to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Roc
19、k, and Contained FluidsE617 Specification for Laboratory Weights and Precision Mass Standards2.2 National Institute of Standards and Technology Documents:NIST Handbook 44 Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices32.3 International Organization fo
20、r Legal Metrology (OIML):4International Recommendation No. 20Recommendations OIML R 1111 Edition 2004 (E) Weights of Accuracy Classes classesE1, E2, F1, F2, M1 from, M12 50, M2 kg, M23 to 1, and M3mgPart 1: Metrological and technical requirementsInternational Recommendation No. 3Recommendations OIML
21、 R 1112 Edition 2004 (E) Weights of classes E1, E2, F1, F2, M1,M12, M2, M23, and M3Part 2: Test Report FormatInternational Recommendations OIML R 761 and R 762 Non-automatic weighing instrumentsPart 1: Metrological and technical requirementsTest Non-automatic weighing instruments Edition 2006 (E)Par
22、t 2: Test report format Edition 2007 (E)3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 accuratea balance is “accurate” when its performance (its indication as determined by tests made with su
23、itablestandards) conforms to the standard within the applicable tolerances and other performance requirements. Balances that fail toconform are “inaccurate.”3.2.1 balancean instrument for determining the mass of an object by the action of gravity on the object. See scale.3.2.1.1 DiscussionIn this gu
24、ide and in common usage, the terms balance and scale are used interchangeably. The term balance is more often usedin scientific fields of application. The term scale usually refers to instruments intended for commercial or industrial applications,and when so used, usually implies an instrument of le
25、sser performance than a balance.3.2.2 basic conditiona condition that must be met before a basic measurement for evaluating a balance can be performed.3.2.3 basic measurement (of error)a basic measurement for evaluating a balance is performed by (1) determining the changeof indication of the balance
26、 when a known mass is added to or subtracted from any mass already on the balance;balance and (2) taking the difference between the change in the indication determined and the known value of the mass.3.2.4 basic tolerancetolerances that are established by a particular code for a particular device un
27、der all normal tests, whethermaintenance or acceptance. Basic tolerances include minimum tolerance values when these are specified. Special tolerances,identified as such and pertaining to special tests, are not basic tolerances.3.2.4.1 DiscussionBasic tolerances include minimum tolerance values when
28、 these are specified. Special tolerances, identified as such and pertainingto special tests, are not basic tolerances.3.2.5 capacityof a balance, , the maximum mass recommended by the manufacturer, disregarding any additional capabilitysupplied by a taring device.3.2.6 general-purpose balanceany bal
29、ance used to make a general purpose determination of mass. Seelaboratory, industrial,education, and home use general-purpose determination of determination of mass.3.2.7 general-purpose determination of mass a single determination of mass using a balance (not a special purposedetermination of mass i
30、nvolving repeat determinations of mass, averages, standard deviations, corrections, etc.).3.2.8 general-purpose standard massa standard mass used with a balance to make a general purpose determination of mass.See general-purpose determination of mass.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM web
31、site, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersbur
32、g, MD 20899-1070, http:/www.nist.gov.4 Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.D4753 1523.2.9 hysteresisthe difference between successive measurements of a standard mass when th
33、e standard mass is measured aftera cycle of adding, and then removing (or removing, then adding) mass from the balance.3.2.10 linearity errorin balances, this expression is applied to the plus or minus deviation from the theoretically straight-lined(linear) course of two interdependent values. In ba
34、lances, this expression is applied to the plus or minus deviation values of theindicated measurement value from the true (actual) value of the mass.3.2.10.1 DiscussionLinearity implies that the deviation from the true values are a continuous function of the applied mass. Thus, obtaining enoughvalues
35、 of the true applied mass versus balance reading to establish a relation between applied mass and output should give the errorthat will occur at any applied mass. Linearity, then, is a statement about the systematic (nonrandom) error of a balance.Superimposed on the linearity are precision and other
36、 effects, such as off-center errors, temperature effects, etc. Linearity is ameasure of balance performance over its full range, and on most balances adjustments can be made to alter the useableness of abalance with a given linearity for measurements within a particular range of use.3.2.11 nongradua
37、ted balancebalances not fitted with a scale numbered in units of mass.3.2.12 off-center errorof a top loading or platform balance, the difference in indicated value when a mass is shifted to variouspositions on the loading area (pan or platform); eccentric load error.3.2.12.1 DiscussionThe test for
38、off-center error is called the shift test, or offcenter-load test. Information about balance performance under eccentricloadings is not normally found in product literature but such information can usually be obtained by contacting the manufacturerdirectly.3.2.13 precision of a balancethe degree of
39、agreement between the indications of a balance for repeated determinations of massof the same mass under essentially the same conditions. It is usually expressed quantitatively as a standard deviation of a seriesof mass determinations, or as a function of the range of several mass determinations. Se
40、e repeatability type II,reproducibility.3.2.13.1 DiscussionIt is usually expressed quantitatively as a standard deviation of a series of mass determinations, or as a function of the range ofseveral mass determinations.3.2.14 readability type Ithe value of the smallest unit of mass that can be read w
41、ithout estimation over the given range ofmeasurement either directly or by use of a vernier or micrometer.3.2.15 readability type IIthe value of the smallest unit of mass that can be read with estimation over the given range ofmeasurement.3.2.16 readability type IIIthe value of the smallest unit of
42、mass that can be read when in-service conditions such as draft,vibration, and other environmental conditions affect the balance while the balance is in use, but not smaller than readability TypeI.3.2.18 repeatability type Ithe degree of agreement between the indications of a balance for repeated det
43、erminations of thesame mass under essentially the same conditions. The degree of agreement (qualitatively).3.2.19 repeatability type IIsee precision of a balance.3.2.17 reproducibilitysee precision of a balance.3.2.18 scalesee balance.3.2.19 sensitivitythe ratio of the deflection (L) of the balance
44、indicator or self-indicating display to the mass (M) causingthe deflection; S = L/M at a given mass.NOTE 3Values for sensitivity are sometimes seen expressed in terms of mass units.When used in this way in reference to a nonself-indicating balance,sensitivity refers to the reciprocal of sensitivity
45、or the change in mass required to change the position of equilibrium (rest point) a specified amount,usually one division on the balance indicator. When used in reference to self-indicating balances, it refers to the change in mass required to change theindication by one scale division.3.2.20 standa
46、rd massan object of specified mass and construction used with balances, and for the verification of balances andother masses.3.2.21 taring rangea range within which it is possible to reset the indicator or display to zero by use of the tare device.3.2.22 tolerancea value fixing the limit of allowabl
47、e error or departure from true performance or value.D4753 153NOTE 4For additional terms used in this guide related to balances and standard masses, see NIST Handbook 44 or OIML IR No. 3.R 761 and R762.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide provides those using standards related to soil, rock, and rel
48、ated construction materials, with a means for selectingthe balance required for a particular standard.4.2 This guide provides those writing standards pertaining to soil, rock, and related construction materials with a means forspecifying the balance capabilities required for a particular standard an
49、d for describing the balance selected in a uniform fashion.4.3 This guide provides agencies conducting soil, rock, and related construction materials, testing with guidance for selectingand evaluating general purpose balances and standard masses.4.4 This guide provides inspection organizations with criteria for evaluating general purpose balances and standard masses.5. Requirements for General-Purpose Balances5.1 General-purpose balances shall be judged accurate for a given class if their indications meet the basic toleran
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