ASTM D4772-1997(2008)e1 Standard Test Method for Surface Water Absorption of Terry Fabrics (Water Flow).pdf

1、Designation: D 4772 97 (Reapproved 2008)1Standard Test Method forSurface Water Absorption of Terry Fabrics (Water Flow)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4772; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the

2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEMinor editorial corrections were made throughout in October 2008.1. Scope1.1 This test method determines the ability

3、 of a terry fabricto rapidly absorb and retain liquid water from surfaces such ashuman skin, dishes, and furniture.1.2 This test method is not applicable to non-terry fabricssuch as huck towels, waffle-weave towels, crash towels,flour-sack towels, and nonwoven wipes. The steep angle of thespecimen o

4、n the apparatus may cause a large amount of waterto runoff these non-pile fabrics, or the lightweight/open struc-ture of these fabrics may allow a large amount of water tocompletely pass through the specimen; thus the test result maynot be a valid measure of a non-terry fabrics ability to absorbwate

5、r.1.3 This test method is not applicable to decorative terryfabrics that will not be used to absorb water from surfaces.1.4 This test method is written in SI units. The inch-poundunits that are provided are not necessarily exact equivalents ofthe SI units. Either system of units may be used in this

6、testmethod. In case of referee decisions the SI units will prevail.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the ap

7、plica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile TestMethod that Produces Normally Distributed DataD 2906

8、Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias forTextiles3D 3136 Terminology Relating to Care Labeling forApparel,Textile, Home Furnishing, and Leather ProductsD 5433 Performance Specification for Towel Products forInstitutional and Household Use2.2 AATCC Standard:Test Method 135 Dimensional Changes

9、 in Automatic HomeLaundering of Woven and Knit Fabrics43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 absorption, na process in which one material (theabsorbent) takes in or absorbs another (the absorbate); as theabsorption of moisture by fibers.3.1.2 pile, nin pile fabric, the raised loops or tufts (cutloops)

10、 that form all or part of the surface.3.1.3 surface water absorption, nby a fabric, the processof removing liquid water from a surface such as human skin,dishes, or furniture.3.1.4 terry fabric, na material with a woven warp pile ora knitted pile, with uncut loops on a single side or uncut loopson b

11、oth sides, and which is used for such products as toweling,beachwear, and bathrobes.3.1.5 For definitions of other textile terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminologies D 123 and D 3136.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A terry fabric product with hems or with both hems andselvages (such as a bat

12、h towel), or a terry fabric without hemsor without both hems and selvages (such as a terry fabric cutfrom a roll) is prepared for testing by preconditioning andconditioning. Specimens are placed one at a time in anembroidery hoop and then the hoop/specimen assembly isplaced at an angle on the base o

13、f the apparatus. After water1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods,GeneralCurrent edition approved July 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edit

14、ion approved in 2004 as D 4772 88(2004).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website3Withdrawn. The last a

15、pproved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists(AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http:/www.aatcc.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consho

16、hocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.flows down the surface of each specimen, the amount of waterretained by each specimen is measured. Six specimens aretested, three on the face of the fabric and three on the back ofthe fabric. The six observations are averaged to determine thesurface water absorpt

17、ion of the fabric.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method may be used to test the surface waterabsorption of terry fabrics for bath towels, bath sheets, handtowels, kitchen towels, dishcloths, washcloths, beachwear,bathrobes, and the like. Different specifications may be neededfor each of these

18、fabrics because of different applications.55.2 It is recognized that surface water absorption is only oneof the characteristics that the ultimate consumer may use indetermining which terry fabric is acceptable. Consult Specifi-cation D 5433 for other characteristics that may be applicableto terry fa

19、brics.5.3 This test method is recommended for quality controltesting of terry fabrics during manufacturing and productcomparisons of different terry fabrics by manufacturers, retail-ers, and users.5.4 This test method may be used for the acceptance testingof commercial shipments of terry fabrics, bu

20、t caution isadvised since interlaboratory precision is known to be poor.Comparative tests as directed in 5.4.1 may be advisable.5.4.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using this test method for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the

21、 sup-plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there isa statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group oflaboratory sampling units (such as towels) that are as

22、 homo-geneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of thetype in question. The laboratory sampling units should then berandomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory fortesting. The average results from the two laboratories should becompared using appropriate statistical analysis f

23、or unpaireddata and an acceptable probability level chosen by the twoparties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either itscause must be found and corrected or the purchaser andsupplier must agree to interpret future test results with consid-eration of the known bias.6. Apparatus and Ma

24、terials6.1 Water Flow TesterThis tester is not commerciallyavailable, but it is not difficult or expensive to build. The testershown in Figs. 1-3 can be made from the parts and the seriesof steps described in Annex A1; however, there are otheracceptable ways to build the tester. Sections 6.1.1-6.1.4

25、 indi-cate the critical factors which must be incorporated into thedesign of the tester.6.1.1 The hoop/specimen assembly must be at 1.1 rad (60)to the table top (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 3).6.1.2 The 50-mL graduate mounted on the apparatus mustbe parallel to the table top (see Figs. 1 and 2). The pour sp

26、outon this graduate must be 3.0 6 0.2 cm (1.18 6 0.08 in.) downfrom where the adjustment screw bracket joints the outer hoopand 0.6 6 0.4 cm (0.24 6 0.16 in.) away from the hoop/specimen assembly (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 3).6.1.3 The funnel, valve, fittings, tubing, and graduatemounted on the apparatus

27、see Fig. 2) must not restrict the flowof water. The time between the opening of the valve and thetime the water has exited the graduate (except for a few drops)must be less than 8.0 s. (The tester shown in Figs. 2 and 3 hasa mean of 5.7 s and a standard deviation of 0.5 s).6.1.4 The hoop/specimen a

28、ssembly must be mounted on thebase in a manner to direct all water not absorbed by thespecimen toward the pan (see Figs. 1-3). It is especiallyimportant that any water that passes completely through thespecimen is directed toward the pan and is not allowed to beabsorbed by the lower portion of the s

29、pecimen, or the edge ofthe laboratory sampling unit, or held where the hoop contactsthe base.5The relationship between water and textiles is complex. For information on thedifferent forms of interaction between water and textiles see: Zeronian, S. H.“Analysis of the Interaction Between Water and Tex

30、tiles,” pages 117128 inAnalytical Methods for a Textile Laboratory, American Association of TextileChemists and Colorists, third edition, 1984, edited by J. W. Weaver.A = Hoop,B = Base,C = Funnel,D = Valve,E = Graduate,F = Pour Spout,G = Pan, andH = Adjustment Screw.FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of a Typ

31、ical Water Flow TesterD 4772 97 (2008)126.2 Embroidery Hoop, 15.3-cm (6-in.) outer diameter ofinner hoop. If the hoop is made of wood, it must have awater-resistant finish (such as a marine varnish).6.3 Graduate, Polymethylpentene (PMP) 50 mL.6.4 Distilled or Deionized Water,at216 1C (70 6 2F).6.5 L

32、aboratory Sampling Unit Conditioning Equipment,facilities such as a multiple shelf/rod conditioning rack (forexample see Practice D 1776) or a clothesline and clothespins.For more information see 9.2.6.6 Tumble Dryer, equivalent to the one described inAATCC Test Method 135.6.7 Washing Machine, equiv

33、alent to the one described inAATCC Test Method 135.6.8 Detergent, heavy duty granule, equivalent to The 1993AATCC Standard Reference Detergent described in AATCCTest Method 135 or any detergent agreed upon by the pur-chaser and the supplier that does not include fabric softener orbleach.7. Sampling7

34、1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing,take at random the number of shipping cartons or the numberof rolls of fabric directed in an applicable material specificationor other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.Consider shipping cartons or rolls of fabric to be the primarysa

35、mpling units, see Note 1.NOTE 1Any agreement between the purchaser and supplier must takeinto account the variability between rolls, bolts, or pieces of fabric andbetween specimens from a swatch of fabric from a roll, bolt, or piece, orbetween cartons of garments and between garments within a carton

36、 toprovide a sampling plan with a meaningful producers risk, consumersrisk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.7.2 Laboratory SampleAs a laboratory sample for accep-tance testing, take the number of laboratory sampling unitsspecified in the agreement between the purchaser and thes

37、upplier. Take the laboratory sampling units as follows:7.2.1 Recommended Laboratory Sampling UnitBecausethis is a nondestructive test method, the recommended labora-tory sampling unit is a terry fabric product with hems or withboth hems and selvages (such as a bath towel). The fabricshould be dyed a

38、nd finished as the consumer would purchase it.A fabric approximately 112 (lengthwise direction) by 56 cm(44 by 22 in.) or larger is easier to test than a small fabric as allsix observations can be made on one fabric, but the procedureallows for testing a small fabric such as a hand towel (see Note2)

39、FIG. 2 A Typical Water Flow TesterFIG. 3 The Water Flow Tester with the Laboratory Sampling Unitin PlaceD 4772 97 (2008)13NOTE 2A 20.0 by 20.0-cm (7.87 by 7.87-in.) fabric is the smallestlaboratory sampling unit that can be tested on the apparatus. Six of thesesmall laboratory sampling units will b

40、e needed to provide the sixobservations. In choosing the size of the laboratory sampling unit, keep inmind that terry fabric has a high degree of shrinkage during washing anddrying.7.2.2 Alternate Laboratory Sampling UnitAs an alterna-tive to the procedure described in 7.2.1, a terry fabric withouth

41、ems or without both hems and selvages can be used (such asa terry fabric cut from a roll). The fabric should be dyed andfinished as the consumer would purchase it. A fabric approxi-mately 112 (lengthwise direction) by 56 cm (44 by 22 in.) orlarger is easier to test than a small fabric as all six obs

42、ervationscan be made on one fabric, but the procedure allows for testinga small fabric (see Note 2).7.3 SpecimensAfter the laboratory sampling unit(s) hasbeen prepared as directed in Section 8 and conditioned asdirected in Section 9, take six specimens (the area inside thehoop) by locating the hoop

43、on the laboratory sampling unit(s)as follows:7.3.1 For a laboratory sampling unit(s) that is approximately112 (lengthwise direction) by 56 cm (44 by 22 in.) or larger,locate the hoop as shown in Fig. 4.7.3.2 For a laboratory sampling unit(s) that is not largeenough to locate the hoop so that all six

44、 specimens are on onelaboratory sampling unit, alternate the hoop from face to backusing as many laboratory sampling units as needed to obtainthe six specimens.8. Preparation of the Laboratory Sampling Unit8.1 Recommended Preparation of the Laboratory SamplingUnitThe recommended preparation of the l

45、aboratory sam-pling unit uses a dryer to precondition the laboratory samplingunit and raise the pile so it is not matted down. See 6.6 for adescription of the dryer. The procedure is as follows:8.1.1 If fabric softener has recently been used in the dryer,dry a 3.6-kg (8-lb) dummy load of desized uns

46、oftened fabricswhich will not be tested, and then repeat this procedure with adifferent dummy load of 3.6 kg (8 lb) of desized unsoftenedfabrics.68.1.2 Clean the lint filter.8.1.3 Load the dryer with laboratory sampling units thatcomprise a homogeneous load (for example, same manufac-turer, same lin

47、e, same finishing, and same previous care). It isnot necessary to have a full load in the dryer, so it is acceptableto load only one laboratory sampling unit into the dryer.8.1.4 Select normal cycle, medium temperature (see Termi-nology D 3136, and AATCC Test Method 135), and run thedryer for 20 min

48、 Do not use fabric softener during thisprocedure.8.1.5 If the laboratory sampling unit(s) was originally damp,keep drying it for 10-min cycles until the fabric(s) is dry to thetouch. Do not overdry the fabric(s).8.2 Alternate Preparation of the Laboratory SamplingUnitThe alternate preparation of th

49、e laboratory samplingunit uses one cycle of washing and drying. This preconditionsthe laboratory sampling unit, raises the pile so it is not matteddown, and removes some chemicals. Other numbers of wash-ing and drying cycles, such as three or five, may be used. Thepurchaser and the supplier, however, must agree on the numberof washing and drying cycles. This procedure may cause morevariation in the test result than the procedure described in 8.1and it is not recommended for acceptance testing unless therehas been an agreement between the purchaser and th