1、Designation: D 4772 09Standard Test Method forSurface Water Absorption of Terry Fabrics (Water Flow)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4772; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method determines the ability of a terry fabricto rapidly absorb and retain liquid water from surfaces such ashuman sk
3、in, dishes, and furniture.1.2 This test method is not applicable to non-terry fabricssuch as huck towels, waffle-weave towels, crash towels,flour-sack towels, and nonwoven wipes. The steep angle of thespecimen on the apparatus may cause a large amount of waterto runoff these non-pile fabrics, or the
4、 lightweight/open struc-ture of these fabrics may allow a large amount of water tocompletely pass through the specimen; thus the test result maynot be a valid measure of a non-terry fabrics ability to absorbwater.1.3 This test method is not applicable to decorative terryfabrics that will not be used
5、 to absorb water from surfaces.1.4 This test method is written in SI units. The inch-poundunits that are provided are not necessarily exact equivalents ofthe SI units. Either system of units may be used in this testmethod. In case of referee decisions the SI units will prevail.1.5 This standard does
6、 not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Stand
7、ards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile TestMethod that Produces Normally Distributed DataD 2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias forTextiles3D 3136 Terminology Relating to
8、Care Labeling forApparel,Textile, Home Furnishing, and Leather ProductsD 5433 Performance Specification for Towel Products forInstitutional and Household Use2.2 AATCC Standard:Test Method 135 Dimensional Changes in Automatic HomeLaundering of Woven and Knit Fabrics43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.
9、1 absorption, na process in which one material (theabsorbent) takes in or absorbs another (the absorbate); as theabsorption of moisture by fibers.3.1.2 pile, nin pile fabric, the raised loops or tufts (cutloops) that form all or part of the surface.3.1.3 surface water absorption, nby a fabric, the p
10、rocessof removing liquid water from a surface such as human skin,dishes, or furniture.3.1.4 terry fabric, na material with a woven warp pile ora knitted pile, with uncut loops on a single side or uncut loopson both sides, and which is used for such products as toweling,beachwear, and bathrobes.3.1.5
11、 For definitions of other textile terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminologies D 123 and D 3136.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A terry fabric product with hems or with both hems andselvages (such as a bath towel), or a terry fabric without hemsor without both hems and selvages (such as a terr
12、y fabric cutfrom a roll) is prepared for testing by preconditioning andconditioning. Specimens are placed one at a time in anembroidery hoop and then the hoop/specimen assembly isplaced at an angle on the base of the apparatus. After waterflows down the surface of each specimen, the amount of waterr
13、etained by each specimen is measured. Six specimens aretested, three on the face of the fabric and three on the back ofthe fabric. The six observations are averaged to determine thesurface water absorption of the fabric.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method may be used to test the surface wate
14、rabsorption of terry fabrics for bath towels, bath sheets, hand1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods,GeneralCurrent edition approved Jan. 15, 2009. Published February 2009. Originall
15、yapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D 4772 97(2008)1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
16、the ASTM website3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists(AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http:/www.aatcc.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr
17、Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Wed May 20 03:19:11 EDT 2009Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.towels, kitchen towels, dishcloths, washcloths
18、, beachwear,bathrobes, and the like. Different specifications may be neededfor each of these fabrics because of different applications.55.2 It is recognized that surface water absorption is only oneof the characteristics that the ultimate consumer may use indetermining which terry fabric is acceptab
19、le. Consult Specifi-cation D 5433 for other characteristics that may be applicableto terry fabrics.5.3 This test method is recommended for quality controltesting of terry fabrics during manufacturing and productcomparisons of different terry fabrics by manufacturers, retail-ers, and users.5.4 This t
20、est method may be used for the acceptance testingof commercial shipments of terry fabrics, but caution isadvised since interlaboratory precision is known to be poor.Comparative tests as directed in 5.4.1 may be advisable.5.4.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results whe
21、n using this test method for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there isa statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.As a minimum,
22、 the two parties should take a group oflaboratory sampling units (such as towels) that are as homo-geneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of thetype in question. The laboratory sampling units should then berandomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory fortesting. The average
23、 results from the two laboratories should becompared using appropriate statistical analysis for unpaireddata and an acceptable probability level chosen by the twoparties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either itscause must be found and corrected or the purchaser andsupplier must agr
24、ee to interpret future test results with consid-eration of the known bias.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Water Flow TesterThis tester is not commerciallyavailable, but it is not difficult or expensive to build. The testershown in Figs. 1-3 can be made from the parts and the seriesof steps described i
25、n Annex A1; however, there are otheracceptable ways to build the tester. Sections 6.1.1-6.1.4 indi-cate the critical factors which must be incorporated into thedesign of the tester.6.1.1 The hoop/specimen assembly must be at 1.1 rad (60)to the table top (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 3).6.1.2 The 50-mL gradua
26、te mounted on the apparatus mustbe parallel to the table top (see Figs. 1 and 2). The pour spouton this graduate must be 3.0 6 0.2 cm (1.18 6 0.08 in.) downfrom where the adjustment screw bracket joints the outer hoopand 0.6 6 0.4 cm (0.24 6 0.16 in.) away from the hoop/specimen assembly (see Fig. 1
27、 and Fig. 3).6.1.3 The funnel, valve, fittings, tubing, and graduatemounted on the apparatus (see Fig. 2) must not restrict the flowof water. The time between the opening of the valve and thetime the water has exited the graduate (except for a few drops)must be less than 8.0 s. (The tester shown in
28、Figs. 2 and 3 hasa mean of 5.7 s and a standard deviation of 0.5 s).6.1.4 The hoop/specimen assembly must be mounted on thebase in a manner to direct all water not absorbed by thespecimen toward the pan (see Figs. 1-3). It is especiallyimportant that any water that passes completely through thespeci
29、men is directed toward the pan and is not allowed to beabsorbed by the lower portion of the specimen, or the edge ofthe laboratory sampling unit, or held where the hoop contactsthe base.6.2 Embroidery Hoop, 15.3-cm (6-in.) outer diameter ofinner hoop. If the hoop is made of wood, it must have awater
30、-resistant finish (such as a marine varnish).6.3 Graduate, Polymethylpentene (PMP) 50 mL.6.4 Distilled or Deionized Water,at216 1C (70 6 2F).6.5 Laboratory Sampling Unit Conditioning Equipment,facilities such as a multiple shelf/rod conditioning rack (forexample see Practice D 1776) or a clothesline
31、 and clothespins.For more information see 9.2.6.6 Tumble Dryer, equivalent to the one described inAATCC Test Method 135.5The relationship between water and textiles is complex. For information on thedifferent forms of interaction between water and textiles see: Zeronian, S. H.“Analysis of the Intera
32、ction Between Water and Textiles,” pages 117128 inAnalytical Methods for a Textile Laboratory, American Association of TextileChemists and Colorists, third edition, 1984, edited by J. W. Weaver.A = Hoop,B = Base,C = Funnel,D = Valve,E = Graduate,F = Pour Spout,G = Pan, andH = Adjustment Screw.FIG. 1
33、 Schematic Diagram of a Typical Water Flow TesterD4772092Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Wed May 20 03:19:11 EDT 2009Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.6.7 Washing Machine, equivalent to the one described inAATCC Tes
34、t Method 135.6.8 Detergent, heavy duty granule, equivalent to The 1993AATCC Standard Reference Detergent described in AATCCTest Method 135 or any detergent agreed upon by the pur-chaser and the supplier that does not include fabric softener orbleach.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for accep
35、tance testing,take at random the number of shipping cartons or the numberof rolls of fabric directed in an applicable material specificationor other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.Consider shipping cartons or rolls of fabric to be the primarysampling units, see Note 1.NOTE 1Any agr
36、eement between the purchaser and supplier must takeinto account the variability between rolls, bolts, or pieces of fabric andbetween specimens from a swatch of fabric from a roll, bolt, or piece, orbetween cartons of garments and between garments within a carton, toprovide a sampling plan with a mea
37、ningful producers risk, consumersrisk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.7.2 Laboratory SampleAs a laboratory sample for accep-tance testing, take the number of laboratory sampling unitsspecified in the agreement between the purchaser and thesupplier. Take the laboratory sampling
38、units as follows:7.2.1 Recommended Laboratory Sampling UnitBecausethis is a nondestructive test method, the recommended labora-tory sampling unit is a terry fabric product with hems or withboth hems and selvages (such as a bath towel). The fabricshould be dyed and finished as the consumer would purc
39、hase it.A fabric approximately 112 (lengthwise direction) by 56 cm(44 by 22 in.) or larger is easier to test than a small fabric as allsix observations can be made on one fabric, but the procedureallows for testing a small fabric such as a hand towel (see Note2).NOTE 2A 20.0 by 20.0-cm (7.87 by 7.87
40、-in.) fabric is the smallestlaboratory sampling unit that can be tested on the apparatus. Six of thesesmall laboratory sampling units will be needed to provide the sixobservations. In choosing the size of the laboratory sampling unit, keep inmind that terry fabric has a high degree of shrinkage duri
41、ng washing anddrying.7.2.2 Alternate Laboratory Sampling UnitAs an alterna-tive to the procedure described in 7.2.1, a terry fabric withouthems or without both hems and selvages can be used (such asa terry fabric cut from a roll). The fabric should be dyed andFIG. 2 A Typical Water Flow TesterFIG. 3
42、 The Water Flow Tester with the Laboratory Sampling Unitin PlaceD4772093Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Wed May 20 03:19:11 EDT 2009Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.finished as the consumer would purchase it. A fab
43、ric approxi-mately 112 (lengthwise direction) by 56 cm (44 by 22 in.) orlarger is easier to test than a small fabric as all six observationscan be made on one fabric, but the procedure allows for testinga small fabric (see Note 2).7.3 SpecimensAfter the laboratory sampling unit(s) hasbeen prepared a
44、s directed in Section 8 and conditioned asdirected in Section 9, take six specimens (the area inside thehoop) by locating the hoop on the laboratory sampling unit(s)as follows:7.3.1 For a laboratory sampling unit(s) that is approximately112 (lengthwise direction) by 56 cm (44 by 22 in.) or larger,lo
45、cate the hoop as shown in Fig. 4.7.3.2 For a laboratory sampling unit(s) that is not largeenough to locate the hoop so that all six specimens are on onelaboratory sampling unit, alternate the hoop from face to backusing as many laboratory sampling units as needed to obtainthe six specimens.8. Prepar
46、ation of the Laboratory Sampling Unit8.1 Recommended Preparation of the Laboratory SamplingUnitThe recommended preparation of the laboratory sam-pling unit uses a dryer to precondition the laboratory samplingunit and raise the pile so it is not matted down. See 6.6 for adescription of the dryer. The
47、 procedure is as follows:8.1.1 If fabric softener has recently been used in the dryer,dry a 3.6-kg (8-lb) dummy load of desized unsoftened fabricswhich will not be tested, and then repeat this procedure with adifferent dummy load of 3.6 kg (8 lb) of desized unsoftenedfabrics.68.1.2 Clean the lint fi
48、lter.8.1.3 Load the dryer with laboratory sampling units thatcomprise a homogeneous load (for example, same manufac-turer, same line, same finishing, and same previous care). It isnot necessary to have a full load in the dryer, so it is acceptableto load only one laboratory sampling unit into the dr
49、yer.8.1.4 Select normal cycle, medium temperature (see Termi-nology D 3136, and AATCC Test Method 135), and run thedryer for 20 min. Do not use fabric softener during thisprocedure.8.1.5 If the laboratory sampling unit(s) was originally damp,keep drying it for 10-min cycles until the fabric(s) is dry to thetouch. Do not overdry the fabric(s).8.2 Alternate Preparation of the Laboratory SamplingUnitThe alternate preparation of the laboratory samplingunit uses one cycle of washing and drying. This preconditionsthe laboratory sampling unit, raises the pile so i
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