1、Designation: D 4788 03 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Test Method forDetecting Delaminations in Bridge Decks Using InfraredThermography1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4788; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of delamina-tions in portland-cement concrete bridge de
3、cks using infraredthermography. This test method is intended for use on exposedand overlaid concrete bridge decks.1.2 A Precision and Bias statement has not been developedat this time. Therefore, this standard should not be used foracceptance or rejection of a material for purchasing purposes.NOTE 1
4、This test method can be used on asphalt or concrete overlaysas thick as 4 in. (100 mm).1.3 This test method uses an imaging infrared scanner andvideo recorder, mounted on a vehicle, to detect delaminationsand debonded areas on bridge decks and to record theinformation.1.4 The values stated in inch-p
5、ound units are to be regardedas the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regula
6、tory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 4580 Practice for Measuring Delaminations in ConcreteBridge Decks by Sounding3. Summary of Test Method3.1 The vehicle-mounted infrared scanner and video re-corder is driven over the center of each lane of a bridge deck.The da
7、ta from the scanner is recorded on video tape. Delami-nations appear as white or “hot areas on a gray or “coolerbackground in the video image on a monochrome scannersystem during daytime testing. During nighttime testing, thedelaminations will appear as dark or “cooler areas on a whiteor “warmer bac
8、kground. Delaminations will appear as thewarmer colors on color scanner systems during daytimetesting. Calibration of thermal anomalies using sounding tech-niques are used to determine the colors associated withdelaminations.3.2 The conventional video image is used to edit theinfrared image and sepa
9、rate those patches or surface defectsthat may be present and may appear as hot areas.3.3 The video recording is used to map the delaminatedareas at a suitable scale.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method may be used in conjunction with othertest methods in determining the general condition of a
10、 bridgedeck.4.2 Areas indicated as delaminated on overlaid bridge decksmay be an indication of lack of bond between the overlay andthe underlying bridge deck. This test method may be used indetermining specific areas of delaminations requiring repair.5. Apparatus5.1 GeneralIn order to collect data o
11、n the areal extent andlocation of the delaminations, the following apparatus isrequired:5.1.1 Infrared Scanner An imaging infrared scanner hav-ing a minimum thermal resolution of 0.2 Celsius degrees underambient air conditions. The scanner shall be mounted on thefront of the vehicle at a height suff
12、icient to allow a minimumimage width of 14 ft (4.3 m). The scanner shall be capable ofproducing a television-compatible image.5.1.2 Video Recorders capable of reproducing a thermalimage or a conventional video image. Each device shall have atleast one audio channel available and provide a minimumres
13、olution of 240 lines per inch. Two are required.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.32 onBridges and Structures.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originallyappr
14、oved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 4788 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM web
15、site.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.1.3 Video CameraAconventional video camera capableof viewing a minimum image of 14 ft (4.3 m) and producing acolor video signal that can be recorded on a standard videorecorder.5
16、.1.4 Distance Measuring Device having an accuracy of63 in. (76 mm) over the longest span in the deck. The outputof this device shall be recorded by both the infrared videorecorder and the conventional video recorder.5.1.5 Test Vehicle on which the imaging infrared scannerand video recorder will be m
17、ounted. The vehicle shall becapable of supporting the infrared scanner and the conventionalvideo camera at a height sufficient to allow a minimum widthof 14 ft (4.3 m) of pavement to be observed at one time. Thevehicle shall be capable of supplying the necessary electricalpower required for the inst
18、rumentation.5.1.6 Contact Thermometer having a minimum tempera-ture resolution of Celsius degrees.6. Procedure6.1 Prior to the survey remove any debris that has accumu-lated on the deck.6.2 Dry the bridge deck for a minimum of 24 h prior to thetest.6.3 Collect data from one end of the bridge deck to
19、 the otherin a continuous fashion.6.4 For the delaminations to be identified by an imaginginfrared scanner, there must be a temperature difference, Dt,between the delaminated or debonded area and the adjacentsolid concrete of at least 0.5 Celsius degrees. Weather condi-tions must include sunshine. A
20、 minimum of 3 h direct sunshineare generally sufficient to create a temperature difference of 0.5Celsius degrees. Establish the magnitude of Dtusing a contactthermometer having a minimum resolution of 0.1 Celsiusdegrees. Confirm thermal anomalies and the existence ofdelamination in the field using c
21、oring or sonic techniques asdescribed in Practice D 4580. Confirm coincidental surfacedefects in the field also.6.5 Do not test when the wind velocity exceeds 30 mph (50kph).6.6 Take care when testing or interpreting data, or both,from areas that are or have been shaded by adjacent structures,trees,
22、 overhead signs, and the like. Areas adjacent to barriersmay become too hot to provide accurate data due to eitherreflected heat or trapped hot air. It may be necessary to foregoinfrared thermography testing in such areas.6.7 While data can be collected any time of the year, themagnitude of Dtwill b
23、e smaller during the winter months, andmay preclude the testing of bridge decks. Testing shall not becarried out when ambient air temperatures are less than 32F(0C) as ice in delaminations will cause false readings. As aguide, an ambient temperature rise of 20 Fahrenheit degreeswith4hofsunandwinds l
24、ess than 15 mph (24 kmph), willallow accurate data collection on portland-cement concretesurfaces during winter months. On asphalt covered decks, anambient air temperature rise of 20 Fahrenheit degrees with atleast6hofsunandwinds less than 15 mph (24 kmph) arenecessary for winter use of this procedu
25、re.6.8 Survey the entire bridge deck by making one pass perlane. When shoulder areas are wider than 3 ft (1 m) make aseparate pass along the shoulder.6.9 Collect data at speeds no greater than 10 mph (16 kph).6.10 Should field confirmation of the existence of a delami-nated or debonded area be requi
26、red, select a core location(s)during the inspection. Mark the location(s) for coring eitherduring the survey or subsequent to the infrared survey.7. Interpretation and Plotting of Results7.1 Plot the delaminations on a scaled plan of the bridgedeck using either a manual or a computerized process.7.2
27、 Total the delaminated areas and present as a percentageof the total deck area in square feet (square metres).8. Report8.1 The report shall include the following information:8.1.1 Bridge location and description,8.1.2 Survey methods used and description thereof, includ-ing equipment used and the ope
28、rators names,8.1.3 Data of test and environmental conditions,8.1.4 Scaled plan of the bridge deck showing the areas ofdelamination and debonding,8.1.5 Area of the bridge deck, ft2(m2) and the percentage ofthe area delaminated or debonded, and8.1.6 Location and condition of any cores taken.9. Precisi
29、on and Bias9.1 It is not possible to specify the precision of the proce-dure in this test method for measuring delamination of bridgedecks because comparative data is not available. Repeatabilitystudies are available. Since a precision statement for thisstandard has not been developed, this test met
30、hod is to be usedfor research or informational purposes only. Therefore, thisstandard should not be used for acceptance or rejection of amaterial for purchasing purposes.NOTE 2Available data shows that infrared thermography can detectbetween 80 and 90 % of the delaminations found in an exposed portl
31、and-cement concrete deck and 80 to 90 % of the delaminations in an asphaltoverlaid bridge deck.3,4,5Interoperator testing, using the same infrared scanner, hasshown that operators on the same bridge, on the same day, willdetect the same areas of thermal anomaly. Interoperator evalu-ation of the coll
32、ected data has shown a variation of 65%ofthe known square footage of delamination. Interoperator test-ing was carried out using 4 operators on two bridge decks, oneexposed concrete and one bituminous overlaid structure.10. Keywords10.1 bridge decks; infrared thermography3D. G. Manning, F. B. Holt, “
33、Detecting Delaminations in Concrete BridgeDecks, Concrete International, Nov. 1980, pp. 34.41.4D. G. Manning, F. B. Hold, “Detecting Deterioration in Asphalt CoveredBridge Decks, Transportation Research Record 899 , TRB, pp. 1020.5B. W. Love, “The Detection of Delaminations in Reinforced Bridge Deck
34、sUsing Infrared Thermography, Indiana Department of Highways, June, 1986.D 4788 03 (2007)2ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination
35、of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn
36、. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your com
37、ments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 4788 03 (2007)3
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