ASTM D4790-2011 Standard Terminology of Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals《芳烃及有关化学品的标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation:D479007 Designation: D4790 11Standard Terminology ofAromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4790; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last

2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Referenced Documents1.1 ASTM Standards:2D835 Specification for Refined Benzene-4853D841 Specification for Nitration Grade TolueneD8

3、43 Specification for Nitration Grade XyleneD846 Specification for Ten-Degree Xylene0D847 Test Method forAcidity of Benzene, Toluene, Xylenes, Solvent Naphthas, and Similar IndustrialAromatic HydrocarbonsD848 Test Method for Acid Wash Color of Industrial Aromatic HydrocarbonsD1015 Test Method for Fre

4、ezing Points of High-Purity HydrocarbonsD1016 Test Method for Purity of Hydrocarbons from Freezing PointsD1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), orAPI Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid PetroleumProducts by Hydrometer MethodD1492 Test

5、 Method for Bromine Index of Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Coulometric TitrationD1840 Test Method for Naphthalene Hydrocarbons in Aviation Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet SpectrophotometryD2031 Test Method for Reducing Substances in Refined PyridineD2121 Test Methods for Polymer Content of Styrene Monomer a

6、nd AMS (Methylstyrene)D2147 Method of Test for Detection and Estimation of Water-Insoluble Impurities in Refined Phenol by Cloud PointDepression0D2269 Test Method for Evaluation of White Mineral Oils by Ultraviolet AbsorptionD2279 Method of Test for Acid Wash Color of Refined Naphthalene0D2323 Speci

7、fication for Refined Pyridine (1 Degree)D2359 Specification for Refined Benzene-535D2403 Specification for Refined Phthalic Anhydride-1308D2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias of Applicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on WaterD2827 Specification for Styrene Monomer D2908Practice f

8、or Measuring Volatile Organic Matter in Water by Aqueous-Injection Gas ChromatographyD2935 Test Method for Apparent Density of Industrial Aromatic HydrocarbonsD3980 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of Paint and Related Materials0D4053 Test Method for Benzene in Motor and Aviation Gasoline by Inf

9、rared SpectroscopyD4734 Specification for Refined Benzene-545E12 Terminology Relating to Density and Specific Gravity of Solids, Liquids, and Gases02. Terminologyabsorbance, nthe logarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal of the relative transmittance, T, expressed as:A 5 log101/T! 52log10T (1)D1840

10、, D2269, D4053; D021This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D16 on Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD16.05 on Editorial and Nomenclature.Current edition approved July 15, 2007.Feb. 1, 2011. Published July 2007.February 2

11、011. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 20042007 asD479099(2004). D4790 07. DOI: 10.1520/D4790-11.The boldface designations refer to the original source of the definition and the ASTM Technical Committee having jurisdiction. DOI: 10.1520/D4790-07.2For referencedASTM stand

12、ards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.

13、astm.org.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult

14、 prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.accuracy, nthe agreement between the m

15、ean of a series of repeated measurements of a property and the accepted reference valueof the property. D3980; D01acidity, nthe number of milligrams of sodium hydroxide consumed when 100 mLof the sample are titrated under the conditionsprescribed in this method. D847; D16acid reaction, na characteri

16、stic of materials producing the acid-color of the indicator used under the conditions prescribed inthis method. D847; D16acid wash color, nthe color developed in the separated acid when a sample is agitated with sulfuric acid under the conditionprescribed in this method. D848; D2279; D16aldehydes, n

17、a broad class of organic compounds having a generic formula RCHO, and characterized by a carbonyl group.alkaline or basic reaction, na characteristic of the materials producing the alkalicolor of the indicator used under the conditionsprescribed in this method. D847; D16alpha-methylstyrene, n2-pheny

18、lpropene (C9H10) mol weight 119.16; colorless liquid; subject to polymerization by heat orcatalysts; freezing point, 23.21C; boiling point, 165.38C.apparent density, nthe density calculated when the pycnometer is calibrated with water, weighed in air, and when the sampleis weighed in air and no air

19、buoyancy correction is used for either weighing, even though the density in vacuum of water is usedin calculating the apparent volume of the pycnometer.apparent density at 60F, nthe weight in air of a unit volume of sample at 60F; in this method, the weight is in pounds andthe volume in U.S. liquid

20、gallons. Average air in this method is assumed to have a density of 0.0012 g/cm3.DISCUSSIONThis definition is not in conflict with that given in the current version of Definitions E12. D2935; D16aromatic hydrocarbon, nan organic chemical containing a benzene ring. Committee D16 scope includes moncyc

21、lic andpolycyclic carbon-ring structures recovered or synthesized form any source, and which are intended primarily for use as solventsor raw materials for chemical synthesisaromatic hydrocarbon derivatives and related chemicals, nCommittee D16 scope includes chemicals such as: cycloalkanessuch as c

22、yclohexane which are intended primarily for use in chemical synthesis; phenols, arylthiols, and their homologs;heterocyclics such as pyridine and quinoline; and other chemicals synthesized from ring structures. Excluded from the scope areparaffinic and olefinic hydrocarbons, and those aromatic and c

23、yclic aliphatic hydrocarbons that are intended primarily for fuelsand lubricants.at-line analysis, nanalytical procedure performed in a process environment using manually entered samples.benzene, ncyclohexatriene, benzol (obsolete) (C6H6) mol weight 78.11; clear, colorless, highly flammable liquid;

24、characteristicodor; solidification point +5.5C; boiling point 80.1C.benzene, carbon disulfide-free, nbenzene treated with alcoholic sodium hydroxide and used as a spectrophotometric referencestandard.benzene-535, refined, nbenzene with impurities limited to trace amounts by a solidification point of

25、 5.35C and having a totaldistillation range of no more than 1.0C. Refer to Specification D2359 for complete specifications.benzene-545, refined, nbenzene with impurities limited to trace amounts by a solidification point of 5.45C and having a totaldistillation range of no more than 1C. Refer to Spec

26、ification D4734.benzene-485, refined (nitration grade), nbenzene with impurities limited by a solidification point of 4.85C and having a totaldistillation range of no more than 1.0C. Refer to Specification D835 for complete specifications.benzene, thiophene-free, nbenzene refined by special treatmen

27、t and used as a reagent in ASTM standards.bias, na persistent positive or negative deviation of a test method average value from the assumed or accepted true value.D1129; D2777; D19bromine index, nthe number of milligrams of bromine consumed by 100 g of sample under given conditions. D1492; D16carbo

28、n disulfide (CS2), nmol weight 76.14; clear, colorless, flammable, volatile liquid; boiling point, 45.6C; freezing point,111.6C.clear, nfree of turbidity.cloud point of phenol, nthe temperature at which a separate phase forms when a homogeneous solution of phenol in water isallowed to cool at a pres

29、cribed rate from a temperature above that at which phase separation occurs. It may precisely be definedas follows: when a homogeneous solution of phenol and water is allowed to cool at a prescribed rate with stirring, the solutionwill show a slight cloudiness or turbidity as the cloud point is appro

30、ached. On further cooling, the cloudiness will increaserapidly and the thermometer bulb, which is centrally located in the test tube, will suddenly become invisible. The temperatureat which the thermometer bulb becomes invisible is taken as the cloud point. D2147; D16cloudy, nqualitative expression

31、of turbidity.confidence limits, nthe limits on either side of the mean value of a group of observations which will, in a stated fraction orpercent of the cases include the expected value. Thus the 95 % confidence limits are the values between which the populationmean will be situated in 95 out of 10

32、0 cases. D3980; D01copper corrosion, na qualitative indication of reactive impurities in aromatic hydrocarbons. An iridescent, gray, or blackdiscoloration of polished copper strip is considered cause for rejection.D4790 112corrosive substance, nin Committee D16 Standards, material in industrial arom

33、atic hydrocarbons that discolors or tarnishespolished copper.cresol(s), nmethyl phenol, hydroxymethyl benzene (C7H8O) mol weight 108.13; colorless, yellowish, brownish, yellow, orpinkish liquid; phenolic odor. Three isomeric cresols exist.cresylic acids, ncommercial mixtures of phenolic materials wh

34、ich may include phenol, cresols, xylenols, and other alkylatedphenols.cumene, n(C9H12) mol weight 120.19; clear, flammable liquid; melting point, 96.0C; boiling point, 152.4C.cyclohexane-995, ncyclohexane with a purity of 99.5 weight % minimum determined by analysis by gas chromatography. Referto pr

35、oposed specifications for complete requirements.degrees of freedom, nthe number of observations minus the number of constraints imposed upon the system. In general, onlyone constraint (for example, the mean value) is imposed and the total degrees of freedom are one less than the number ofobservation

36、s. D3980; D01density in air, nthe weight per unit volume in vacuum minus the weight of a volume of air equal to the difference between thevolume of the sample and the volume of brass weights equivalent to weight in vacuum of the sample.dry point temperature, nthe temperature observed immediately aft

37、er the liquid just disappears from the bottom of the flaskduring a distillation test.effective carbon number (ECN), nthe response of a flame ionization detector (FID) to various organic function groups on amass basis has been determined. This information is then combined to determine the response of

38、 the FID to various organicmolecules relative to n-heptane. A specimen is analyzed by gas chromatography and the area of each component is correctedusing the ECN-derived relative response factors. The corrected areas are then normalized to determine the results.ethylbenzene (C8H10), nmol weight 106.

39、16; clear, colorless, flammable liquid; freezing point, 94.97C; boiling point, 136C.evaporation residue, nthe nonvolatile impurities remaining after vaporizing a substance.external standard calculation, na method of calculation for low-level components in a sample where the peak areas of thecomponen

40、ts of interest are compared to peak area of a standard of known composition analyzed under identical conditions.freezing point, nthe temperature at which the liquid and solid states of a substance are in equilibrium at a given pressure (usuallyatmospheric). For pure substances it is identical with t

41、he melting point of the solid form. Lange, 10th Ed.4homologues of phenol, ncompounds of the phenol series whose structure differs regularly by some radical (for example, -CH3)from that of its adjacent neighbor in the series. Also cresols and xylenols.hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nmol weight 34.08; flamma

42、ble, poisonous gas with characteristic odor of rotten eggs.industrial grade, na quality of aromatic hydrocarbons suitable for many industrial applications that have a tolerance fornonreactive impurities.DISCUSSIONThe classification covers intermediate levels of purity that may vary over a wide range

43、 for different materials.inhibitor, na substance added to a material to retard or prevent deterioration.initial boiling point, nthe temperature observed immediately after the first drop of distillate falls into the receiving cylinderduring a distillation test.internal standard calculation, na method

44、 of calculation for low-level components in a sample where the peak areas of thecomponents of interest are compared to peak area of a compound, not originally present in the sample, which was quantitativelyadded to the specimen before analysis. The peak areas may be corrected for known differences i

45、n response by applying relativeresponse factors.isopropylbenzenesee cumene.internal standard, na compound of known behavior added to a sample to facilitate the analysis. D2908; D19ketones, na class of organic compounds possessing a carbonyl group attached to two hydrocarbon groups. Acetone is the fi

46、rstmember of this series.meta-xylene, n1,3-dimethylbenzene (C8H10) mol weight 106.16; clear, colorless, flammable liquid; freezing point, 47.87C;boiling point, 139.3C.mixed xylenes, na mixture of C8aromatics including m-xylene, o-xylene, and p-xylene. Industry convention includes ethylbenzene as a m

47、ixed xylene though ethyl benzene is not technically a xylene. Styrene is excluded.moisture, atmospheric, nambient humidity that may be absorbed by hygroscopic material during sampling and testing and maylead to erroneous results.molten state, nthe liquid phase of a solid substance existing above its

48、 melting point temperature.naphtha, aromatic solvent, na concentrate of aromatic hydrocarbons including C8,C9and C10homologs.DISCUSSIONDistillation end point of individual grades varies between 155 and 220C to provide a range of volatility and solvency characteristics.Color of solvents is water-whit

49、e to dark red depending on refining treatment.naphthalene (C10H6), nmol weight 128.16; monoclinic prismatic plates; commercially available as white scales, powder, balls,or cakes; odor of moth balls; solidification point, 80.1C; sublimes above melting point.4Lange, N. A., Handbook of Chemistry, 10th Ed., McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc., New York, NY.D4790 113nonaromatic hydrocarbons, none or more types of hydrocarbons identified as paraffins, cycloparaffins (naphthenes), andolefins. Generally, the