1、Designation: D 4804 03Standard Test Method forDetermining the Flammability Characteristics of NonrigidSolid Plastics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4804; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These fire-test-response test methods describe small-scale laboratory procedures for determining the comparati
3、veburning characteristics of solid plastic materials that, due tospecimen thinness and nonrigidity, may distort or shrink whentested using Test Method D 3801.Aflame is applied to the baseof specimens held in a vertical position and the extinguishingtimes are determined upon removal of the test flame
4、.1.2 The classification system described in Appendix X1 isintended for quality assurance and the preselection of compo-nent materials for products.1.3 This standard measures and describes the response ofmaterials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by
5、itself incorporate allfactors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.NOTE 1These test methods and ISO 9773 are technically equivalent.NOTE 2For rate of burning of nonrigid solid plastics in a horizontalposition, formerly
6、 Test Method B of these test methods, see Test MethodD 635, section 9.4.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine t
7、he applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see Warning in 6.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 635 Test Method for Rate of Burning and/or Extent andTime of Burning of Self-Supporting Plastics in a Horizon-tal PositionD 3801 Test Method for Me
8、asuring the Comparative Extin-guishing Characteristics of Solid Plastics in a VerticalPositionD 5025 Specification for a Laboratory Burner Used forSmall-Scale Burning Tests on Plastic MaterialsD 5207 Practice for Confirmation of 20 and 125 mm TestFlames for Small-Scale Burning Tests on Plastic Mater
9、ialsE 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method2.2 ISO Standards:ISO 977398 PlasticsDetermination of Burning Behav-iour of Thin Flexible Vertical Specimens in Contact Witha Small Flame Ignition Source33. Termino
10、logy3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of fire-related terms used inthese test methods, refer to Terminology E 176.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 flame-impingement time, nthe time in seconds thatthe flame from the burner is in contact with the specimen.3.2.2 flaming material, n
11、flaming drips or particles fromthe specimen which ignite the dry, absorbent surgical cottonplaced 300 mm below the test specimen.3.2.3 afterflame, npersistence of flaming of a material,after the ignition source has been removed.3.2.4 afterflame time, nthe length of time for which amaterial continues
12、 to flame, under specified conditions, afterthe ignition source has been removed.3.2.5 afterglow, npersistence of glowing of a material,after cessation of flaming or, if no flaming occurs, afterremoval of the ignition source.3.2.6 afterglow time, nthe length of time for which amaterial continues to
13、glow under specified test conditions, afterthe ignition source has been removed or cessation of flaming,or both.3.2.7 flame, vto undergo combustion in the gaseous phasewith emission of light.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 onPlastics and is the direct responsibil
14、ity of Subcommittee D20.30 on ThermalProperties.Current edition approved July 10, 2003. Published September 2003. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 4804 98.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at s
15、erviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this st
16、andard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.8 glow, nvisible light, other than from flaming, emit-ted by a solid undergoing combustion.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 These test methods consist of subjecting the lower endo
17、f vertically held specimens to a 20-mm test flame for two 3-sflame applications. The 200 by 50-mm specimens are pre-formed around a 13-mm diameter mandrel. The afterflame timeis recorded after the first flame application and the afterflameand afterglow times are recorded after the second flameapplic
18、ation. Information is also recorded on whether or notflaming material drips from the specimens.5. Significance and Use5.1 The test results represent the afterflame and afterglowtimes, in seconds, for a material under the conditions of thetest.5.2 The afterflame and afterglow times and other burningp
19、henomena will vary with thickness. Test data should only becompared with data for material of comparable thickness.Useful information may be obtained from a plot of afterflameand afterglow times versus thickness.5.3 The effect of material thickness, colors, additives, dete-rioration, and possible lo
20、ss of volatile components is measur-able.5.4 The results serve as a reference for comparing therelative performance of materials and can be an aid in materialselection.5.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one ormore specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different testcondi
21、tions are substituted or the end-use conditions arechanged, it may not be possible by or from this test method topredict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics mea-sured; therefore, the results are valid only for the fire-testexposure conditions described in this test method.6. Apparatus6
22、.1 Test ChamberAn enclosure or laboratory hood with aminimum capacity of 0.5 m3, free of induced or forced draftduring testing. An enclosed laboratory hood with a heat-resistant glass window and an exhaust fan for removing theproducts of combustion immediately after the tests are recom-mended. (Warn
23、ingProducts of combustion may be toxic.Laboratory hoods may have induced drafts even with theexhaust fan off. A positive closing damper may be needed.6.2 Laboratory Burner, constructed in accordance withSpecification D 5025.6.3 Ring Stand, with a clamp or the equivalent, adjustablefor vertical posit
24、ioning of specimens.6.4 Gas SupplyA supply of technical-grade methane gaswith suitable regulator and meter for uniform gas flow. Naturalgas having an energy density of 37 6 1 MJ/m3has been foundto provide similar results. However, technical-grade methanegas shall be used as the referee gas in cases
25、of dispute. Otherfuel gases such as butane, propane, and acetylene have higherenergy density and are not suitable.6.5 TimerStopwatch or other suitable timing device ca-pable of timing to the nearest 0.5-s.6.6 CottonA supply of dry, absorbent 100 % cotton.6.7 Desiccator, containing a suitable drying
26、agent, capableof maintaining a relative humidity not exceeding 20 % at 23C6 2C.6.8 Conditioning Room or Chamber, capable of beingmaintained at 23 6 2C and a relative humidity of 50 6 5%.6.9 Conditioning OvenA full-draft circulating-air ovencapable of being maintained at 70 6 2C.6.10 Specimen Mandrel
27、 Guide,136 0.5-mm diameter rod.6.11 Micrometer, capable of being read to 0.01 mm.6.12 Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Tape, of a commercially-available type.6.13 Weighing Scale or Balance, having an accuracy andresolution of 0.01 g.6.14 Stainless steel or nichrome wire, of diameter 0.2 mm to0.5 mm.7. Sa
28、mpling7.1 Unless otherwise agreed, material shall be sampled inaccordance with good statistical practice.8. Test Specimen8.1 It is possible that the results of tests carried out on testspecimens of different colors, thicknesses, densities, molecularmasses, directions of anisotropy and types, or with
29、 differentadditives, fillers/reinforcements, will be different.8.2 Test specimens in the minimum and maximum densities,melt flows and fillers/reinforcements contents shall be consid-ered representative of the range, if the test results yield thesame flame test classification. If the burning characte
30、ristics arenot essentially the same for all specimens representing therange, evaluation is to be limited only to the materials in thedensities, melt flows, and fillers/reinforcements contents tested,or additional test specimens in the intermediate densities, meltflows, and fillers/reinforcements con
31、tents are to be tested.8.3 Uncolored test specimens and test specimens with thehighest level of organic and inorganic pigment loading byweight are considered representative of the color range, if thetest results yield the same flame test classification. Whencertain pigments are known to affect flamm
32、ability characteris-tics, they are also to be tested. Test specimens to be tested arethose that:(a) contain no coloring(b) contain the highest level of organic pigments(c) contain the highest level of inorganic pigments(d) contain pigments which are known to adversely affectflammability characterist
33、ics8.4 All specimens shall be cut from a representative sampleof the material (sheets or end-products). After any cuttingoperation, care shall be taken to remove all dust and anyparticles from the surface; cut edges shall have a smooth finish.8.5 Standard specimens shall be 200 mm 6 5 mm long, 50mm
34、6 2 mm wide and a maximum of 0.25 mm thick. Measurethe thickness of each to the nearest 0.01 mm and note themeasurements.NOTE 3Tests made on specimens of different thicknesses and made indifferent directions of anisotropy are not always comparable.D48040328.6 Specimens shall be prepared by marking a
35、 line acrossthe specimen width 125 mm 6 5 mm from one end (bottom)of the cut specimen. The longitudinal axis of the specimen shallbe wrapped tightly around the longitudinal axis of the mandrelto form a lapped cylinder with the 12 mm line exposed. Theoverlapping portions of the specimens shall be sec
36、ured withinthe upper 75 mm segment above the 125 mm mark and at theupper end of the tube with pressure-sensitive adhesive tape.The mandrel shall then be removed.NOTE 4For stiff specimens, the pressure-sensitive tape may bereinforced or replaced by nichrome wire wound around the top 75 mm ofthe speci
37、men.8.7 A minimum of 20 specimens shall be prepared. Prepareadditional specimens for retest purposes, if necessary.8.8 It is possible that different generic materials, althoughcapable of being wrapped and taped around the mandrel, willexhibit varying degrees of flaring out of the untaped end, someof
38、 which will potentially result in nonlapped “U” type speci-mens. These various forms are considered acceptable to test ifit is possible to form the upper end into the cylinder.9. Conditioning9.1 The cylindrical specimens may be prepared before orafter the conditioning. Condition specimen sets as fol
39、lows:9.1.1 Condition one set of five specimens for at least 48 h ata temperature of 23 6 2C and a relative humidity of 506 5%prior to testing.9.1.2 Condition a second set of five specimens in acirculating-air oven for a duration of 168 h at 70 6 2C andthen cool in a desiccator over anhydrous calcium
40、 chloride forat least4hatroom temperature prior to testing.9.2 All specimens shall be tested in a laboratory atmosphereof 15 to 35C and 45 to 75 % relative humidity.10. Procedure10.1 Conduct the burning test in a chamber, enclosure, orlaboratory hood free of induced or forced draft.10.2 Support a sp
41、ecimen from the upper 6 mm of thespecimen, with the longitudinal axis vertical, by a heavy springclamp, so that the upper end of the tube is closed to prevent anychimney effects during the test. The lower end of the specimenshould be 10 6 1 mm above the top of the burner tube and 3006 10 mm above a
42、horizontal layer of 0.05 to 0.08 g of cottonthinned to an area approximately 50 3 50 mm and a maximumthickness of 61 mm (see Fig. 1, View (a).10.3 Place the burner remote from the specimen, ignite, andadjust it to produce a blue flame 20 6 1 mm high. Obtain theflame by adjusting the gas supply and t
43、he air ports of the burneruntil a 20-mm yellow-tipped blue flame is produced. Increasethe air supply until the yellow tip just disappears. Measure theheight of the flame again, and if necessary, adjust the burner-gas supply to give the proper flame height. The test flame is tobe calibrated using Pra
44、ctice D 5207 monthly, when the gassupply or equipment is changed or when test results arequestioned.10.4 Place the test flame centrally under the lower end of theunlapped section of the test specimen (Note 4) with the burnertube 10 6 1 mm below the specimen for a flame-impingementtime of 3 6 0.55 s
45、(see Fig. 1, View (b). Withdraw the testflame at least 150 mm away and record the duration ofafterflame, in seconds, of the specimen after the removal of thetest flame. When flaming of the specimen ceases, immediatelyreplace the test flame under the specimen. After this additional3 6 0.55-s flame im
46、pingement time, withdraw the test flameagain. Record the duration of afterflame and afterglow times inseconds.NOTE 5For specimens that flare and are not lapped at the lower end,FIG. 1 Test ApparatusD4804033apply the flame in line with the longitudinal axis of the specimen (see Fig.1, View (c).10.5 I
47、f the specimen drips molten or flaming material duringeither flame application, tilt the burner to an angle up to 45and withdraw the burner slightly from one of the sides of thespecimen during the flame applications to avoid dripping intothe tube of the burner. If the specimen drips molten or flamin
48、gmaterial or is consumed during the test, hand-hold the burnerand maintain the proper distance between the bottom of thespecimen and the top of the burner tube during the flameapplication. Ignore any molten strings of the material andalways apply the flame to the bottom of the major portion ofthe sp
49、ecimen.10.6 Repeat the procedure given in 10.2-10.5 on the remain-ing specimens for each set.11. Calculation11.1 Calculate the total afterflame time for each set of fivespecimens, tf, using the following formula:tf5(i 5 1i 5 5t1,i1 t2,i! (1)where:tf= total flaming time, s,i = individual specimen number,t1,i= afterflame time after the first flame impingement, s,of the ithspecimen, andt2,i= afterflame time after the second flame impingement,s, of the ithspecimen.11.2 Calculate the arithmetic mean of the afterflame time foreach flame impingement, t1and
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