1、Designation: D 4804 09Standard Test Method forDetermining the Flammability Characteristics of NonrigidSolid Plastics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4804; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This fire-test-response test methods describe small-scalelaboratory procedures for determining the comparative
3、burningcharacteristics of solid plastic materials that, due to specimenthinness and nonrigidity, distort or shrink when tested usingTest Method D 3801. A flame is applied to the base ofspecimens held in a vertical position and the extinguishingtimes are determined upon removal of the test flame.1.2
4、The classification system described in Appendix X1 isintended for quality assurance and the preselection of compo-nent materials for products.1.3 This standard measures and describes the response ofmaterials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itsel
5、f incorporate allfactors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.NOTE 1This standard is equivalent to ISO 9773.NOTE 2For rate of burning of nonrigid solid plastics in a horizontalposition, formerly Test Method B of this t
6、est method, see Test MethodD 635, section 9.4.1.4 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is therespon
7、sibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see 6.1.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 635 Test Method for Rate of Burning and/or Extent
8、 andTime of Burning of Plastics in a Horizontal PositionD 3801 Test Method for Measuring the Comparative Burn-ing Characteristics of Solid Plastics in a Vertical PositionD 5025 Specification for Laboratory Burner Used forSmall-Scale Burning Tests on Plastic MaterialsD 5207 Practice for Confirmation
9、of 20mm (50W) and125mm (500W) Test Flames for Small-Scale BurningTests on Plastic MaterialsE 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method2.2 ISO Standards:ISO 977398 PlasticsDetermination of Burning Behav-iour of T
10、hin Flexible Vertical Specimens in Contact Witha Small Flame Ignition Source33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of fire-related terms used inthis test method, refer to Terminology E 176.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 flame-impingement time, nthe time in seconds th
11、atthe flame from the burner is in contact with the specimen.3.2.2 flaming material, nflaming drips or particles fromthe specimen which ignite the dry, absorbent surgical cottonplaced 300 mm below the test specimen.3.2.3 afterflame, npersistence of flaming of a material,after the ignition source has
12、been removed.3.2.4 afterflame time, nthe length of time for which amaterial continues to flame, under specified conditions, afterthe ignition source has been removed.3.2.5 afterglow, npersistence of glowing of a material,after cessation of flaming or, if no flaming occurs, afterremoval of the igniti
13、on source.3.2.6 afterglow time, nthe length of time for which amaterial continues to glow under specified test conditions, afterthe ignition source has been removed or cessation of flaming,or both.3.2.7 flame, vto undergo combustion in the gaseous phasewith emission of light.3.2.8 glow, nvisible lig
14、ht, other than from flaming, emit-ted by a solid undergoing combustion.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plasticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.30 on Thermal Properties.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published September 2009. Originall
15、yapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 4804 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe AST
16、M website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.
17、 Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of subjecting the lower end ofvertically held specimens to a 20-mm test flame for two 3-sflame applications. The 200 by 50-mm specimens are pre-formed around a 13-mm diameter mandrel.The afterflame timeis recorded after the first flame application
18、 and the afterflameand afterglow times are recorded after the second flameapplication. Information is also recorded on whether or notflaming material drips from the specimens.5. Significance and Use5.1 The test results represent the afterflame and afterglowtimes, in seconds, for a material under the
19、 conditions of thetest.5.2 The afterflame and afterglow times and other burningphenomena will vary with thickness. Test data shall only becompared with data for material of comparable thickness.5.3 The effect of material thickness, colors, additives, dete-rioration, and possible loss of volatile com
20、ponents is measur-able.5.4 The results serve as a reference for comparing therelative performance of materials and can be an aid in materialselection.5.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one ormore specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different testconditions are substitu
21、ted or the end-use conditions arechanged, it will not always be possible by or from this testmethod to predict changes in the fire-test-response character-istics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for thefire-test exposure conditions described in this test method.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Ch
22、amberAn enclosure or laboratory hood with aminimum capacity of 0.5 m3, free of induced or forced draftduring testing. An enclosed laboratory hood with a heat-resistant glass window and an exhaust fan for removing theproducts of combustion immediately after the tests are recom-mended. If a draft is n
23、oted with the exhaust fan off, furthermeasures are needed to eliminate the draft, such as adding apositive closing damper. The inside surfaces of the chambershall be of a dark color. When a light meter, facing towards therear of the chamber is positioned in place of the test specimen,the light level
24、 shall be less than 20 lx.6.1.1 WarningProducts of combustion are toxic. An ex-haust fan is recommended for removing the products ofcombustion immediately after the test.NOTE 3Placing a mirror in the hood, to provide a rear view of the testspecimen, has been found useful.6.2 Laboratory Burner, const
25、ructed in accordance withSpecification D 5025.6.3 Ring Stand, with a clamp or the equivalent, adjustablefor vertical positioning of specimens.6.4 Gas SupplyA supply of technical-grade methane gaswith suitable regulator and meter for uniform gas flow. Naturalgas having an energy density of 37 6 1 MJ/
26、m3has been foundto provide similar results. However, technical-grade methanegas shall be used as the referee gas in cases of dispute. Otherfuel gases such as butane, propane, and acetylene have higherenergy density and are not suitable.6.5 TimerStopwatch or other suitable timing device ca-pable of t
27、iming to the nearest 0.5-s.6.6 CottonA supply of dry, absorbent 100 % cotton.6.7 Desiccator, containing a suitable drying agent, capableof maintaining a relative humidity not exceeding 20 % at 23C6 2C.6.8 Conditioning Room or Chamber, capable of beingmaintained at 23 6 2C and a relative humidity of
28、50 6 10 %.6.9 Conditioning OvenA full-draft circulating-air ovencapable of being maintained at 70 6 2C.6.10 Specimen Mandrel Guide,136 0.5-mm diameter rod.6.11 Micrometer, capable of being read to 0.01 mm.6.12 Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Tape, of a commercially-available type.6.13 Weighing Scale or
29、Balance, having an accuracy andresolution of 0.01 g.6.14 Stainless steel or nichrome wire, of diameter 0.2 mm to0.5 mm.7. Sampling7.1 Unless otherwise agreed, material shall be sampled inaccordance with good statistical practice.8. Test Specimens8.1 It is possible that the results of tests carried o
30、ut on testspecimens of different colors, thicknesses, densities, molecularmasses, directions of anisotropy and types, or with differentadditives, fillers/reinforcements, will be different.8.2 Test specimens in the minimum and maximum densities,melt flows and fillers/reinforcements contents shall be
31、consid-ered representative of the range, if the test results yield thesame flame test classification. If the burning characteristics arenot essentially the same for all specimens representing therange, evaluation is to be limited only to the materials in thedensities, melt flows, and fillers/reinfor
32、cements contents tested,or additional test specimens in the intermediate densities, meltflows, and fillers/reinforcements contents are to be tested.8.3 Uncolored test specimens and test specimens with thehighest level of organic and inorganic pigment loading byweight are considered representative of
33、 the color range, if thetest results yield the same flame test classification. Whencertain pigments are known to affect flammability characteris-tics, they are also to be tested. Test specimens to be tested arethose that:(a) contain no coloring(b) contain the highest level of organic pigments(c) con
34、tain the highest level of inorganic pigments(d) contain pigments which are known to adversely affectflammability characteristics8.4 All specimens shall be cut from a representative sampleof the material (sheets or end-products). After any cuttingoperation, care shall be taken to remove all dust and
35、anyparticles from the surface; cut edges shall have a smooth finish.8.5 Standard specimens shall be 200 mm 6 5 mm long, 50mm 6 2 mm wide and a maximum of 0.25 mm thick. Measurethe thickness of each to the nearest 0.01 mm and note themeasurements.D4804092NOTE 4Tests made on specimens of different thi
36、cknesses and made indifferent directions of anisotropy are not always comparable.8.6 Specimens shall be prepared by marking a line acrossthe specimen width 125 mm 6 5 mm from one end (bottom)of the cut specimen.The longitudinal axis of the specimen shallbe wrapped tightly around the longitudinal axi
37、s of the mandrelto form a lapped cylinder with the 125-mm line exposed. Theoverlapping portions of the specimens shall be secured withinthe upper 75-mm segment above the 125-mm mark and at theupper end of the tube with pressure-sensitive adhesive tape.The mandrel shall then be removed.NOTE 5If the m
38、aterial is prone to developing static charges that makethe formation of a cylinder difficult, it is acceptable to deionize theunformed specimen using a device or material intended for that purpose.8.7 A minimum of 20 specimens shall be prepared. Prepareadditional specimens for retest purposes, if ne
39、cessary.8.8 It is possible that different generic materials, althoughcapable of being wrapped and taped around the mandrel, willexhibit varying degrees of flaring out of the untaped end, someof which will potentially result in nonlapped “U” type speci-mens. These various forms are considered accepta
40、ble to test ifit is possible to form the upper end into the cylinder. Whentesting stiff specimens, reinforce or replace the pressure-sensitive tape by wrapping nichrome wire around the top 75mm of the specimen. See Fig. 1(c).9. Conditioning9.1 Prepare the cylindrical specimens before the condition-i
41、ng. Condition specimen sets as follows:9.1.1 Condition one set of five specimens for at least 48 h ata temperature of 23 6 2C and a relative humidity of 50 610 % prior to testing.9.1.2 Condition a second set of five specimens in acirculating-air oven for a duration of 168 h at 70 6 2C andthen cool i
42、n a desiccator over anhydrous calcium chloride forat least4hatroom temperature prior to testing.9.2 All specimens shall be tested in a laboratory atmosphereof 15 to 35C and 45 to 75 % relative humidity.10. Procedure10.1 Conduct the burning test in a chamber, enclosure, orlaboratory hood free of indu
43、ced or forced draft.10.2 Support a specimen from the upper 6 mm of thespecimen, with the longitudinal axis vertical, by a heavy springclamp, so that the upper end of the tube is closed to prevent anychimney effects during the test. The lower end of the specimenshall be 10 6 1 mm above the top of the
44、 burner tube and 3006 10 mm above a horizontal layer of 0.05 to 0.08 g of cottonthinned to an area approximately 50 by 50 mm and a maximumthickness of 6 mm (see Fig. 1, View (a).10.3 Place the burner remote from the specimen, ignite, andadjust it to produce a blue flame 20 6 1 mm high. Obtain thefla
45、me by adjusting the gas supply and the air ports of the burneruntil a 20-mm yellow-tipped blue flame is produced. Increasethe air supply until the yellow tip just disappears. Measure theheight of the flame again, and if necessary, adjust the burner-gas supply to give the proper flame height. The tes
46、t flame is tobe calibrated using Practice D 5207 monthly, when the gassupply or equipment is changed or when test results arequestioned.10.4 Place the test flame centrally under the lower end of theunlapped section of the test specimen (Note 5) with the burnertube 10 6 1 mm below the specimen for a
47、flame-impingementtime of 3 6 0.5 s (see Fig. 1, View (b). Withdraw the testflame at least 150 mm away and record the duration ofFIG. 1 Test ApparatusD4804093afterflame, in seconds, of the specimen after the removal of thetest flame. When flaming of the specimen ceases, immediatelyreplace the test fl
48、ame under the specimen. After this additional3 6 0.5-s flame impingement time, withdraw the test flameagain. Record the duration of afterflame and afterglow times inseconds.NOTE 6For specimens that flare and are not lapped at the lower end,apply the flame in line with the longitudinal axis of the sp
49、ecimen (see Fig.1, View (c).10.5 If the specimen drips molten or flaming material duringeither flame application, tilt the burner to an angle up to 45and withdraw the burner slightly from one of the sides of thespecimen during the flame applications to avoid dripping intothe tube of the burner. If the specimen drips molten or flamingmaterial or is consumed during the test, hand-hold the burnerand maintain the proper distance between the bottom of thespecimen and the top of the burner tube during the flameapplication. Ignore any molten strings of
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