1、Designation: D4804 14Standard Test Method forDetermining the Flammability Characteristics of NonrigidSolid Plastics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4804; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This fire-test-response test methods describe small-scalelaboratory procedures for determining the comparative bu
3、rningcharacteristics of solid plastic materials that, due to specimenthinness and nonrigidity, distort, shrink, and/or are consumedup to holding clamp when tested using Test Method D3801.Aflame is applied to the base of specimens held in a verticalposition and the extinguishing times are determined
4、uponremoval of the test flame.1.2 The classification system described in Appendix X1 isintended for quality assurance and the preselection of compo-nent materials for products.1.3 This standard measures and describes the response ofmaterials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled
5、 conditions, but does not by itself incorporate allfactors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.NOTE 1This standard is equivalent to ISO 9773, IEC 60695-11-10,and UL 94 (Section 11).NOTE 2For rate of burning of nonrigi
6、d solid plastics in a horizontalposition, formerly Test Method B of this test method, see Test MethodD635.1.4 This test method is not intended to cover plastics whenused as materials for building construction or finishing.1.5 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel a
7、nd property shall be employed inconducting these tests.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility
8、 of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see 6.1.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D635 Test Method for Rate of Burning and/or Extent andTime of Burning of Plastics in a Horizontal PositionD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD3801 Test Method for Measuring
9、the Comparative BurningCharacteristics of Solid Plastics in a Vertical PositionD5025 Specification for Laboratory Burner Used for Small-Scale Burning Tests on Plastic MaterialsD5207 Practice for Confirmation of 20mm (50W) and125mm (500W) Test Flames for Small-Scale BurningTests on Plastic MaterialsE
10、176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method2.2 ISO Standards:ISO 977398 PlasticsDetermination of Burning Behav-iour of Thin Flexible Vertical Specimens in Contact Witha Small Flame Ignition Source33. Terminology3.1
11、 DefinitionsFor terms relating to plastics, the defini-tions in this test method are in accordance with TerminologyD883. For definitions of fire-related terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology E176.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 flame-application timethe time in
12、 seconds that theflame from the burner is in contact with the specimen.3.2.2 flaming materialflaming drips or particles from thespecimen which ignite the dry, absorbent 100 % surgical cottonplaced 300 mm 6 10 mm below the test specimen.3.2.3 afterflamepersistence of flaming of a material, afterthe i
13、gnition source has been removed.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plasticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.30 on Thermal Properties.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published January 2015. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition
14、approved in 2009 as D4804 09. DOI:10.1520/D4804-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available
15、 from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.
16、4 afterflame timethe length of time for which a mate-rial continues to flame, under specified conditions, after theignition source has been removed.3.2.5 afterglowpersistence of glowing of a material, aftercessation of flaming or, if no flaming occurs, after removal ofthe ignition source.3.2.6 after
17、glow timethe length of time for which a mate-rial continues to glow under specified test conditions, after theignition source has been removed or cessation of flaming, orboth.3.2.7 flameto undergo combustion in the gaseous phasewith emission of light.3.2.8 glowvisible light, other than from flaming,
18、 emittedby a solid undergoing combustion.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of subjecting the lower end ofvertically held specimens to a 20 6 1 mm test flame for two3-second flame applications. The 200 6 5mmby506 2mmspecimens are preformed around a 13 6 0.5 mm diametermandrel. Th
19、e afterflame time is recorded after the first flameapplication and the afterflame and afterglow times are recordedafter the second flame application. Information is also recordedon whether or not flaming material drips from the specimens.5. Significance and Use5.1 The test results represent the afte
20、rflame and afterglowtimes, in seconds, for a material under the conditions of thetest.5.2 The afterflame and afterglow times and other burningphenomena will vary with thickness. Test data shall only becompared with data for material of comparable thickness.5.3 The effect of material thickness, color
21、s, additives,deterioration, and possible loss of volatile components ismeasurable.5.4 The results serve as a reference for comparing therelative performance of materials and can be an aid in materialselection.5.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one ormore specific sets of laborator
22、y test conditions. If different testconditions are substituted or the end-use conditions arechanged, it will not always be possible by or from this testmethod to predict changes in the fire-test-response character-istics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for thefire-test exposure condi
23、tions described in this test method.6. Apparatus6.1 Test ChamberAn enclosure or laboratory hood with aminimum capacity of 0.5 m3, free of induced or forced draftduring testing. An enclosed laboratory hood with a heat-resistant glass window and an exhaust fan for removing theproducts of combustion im
24、mediately after the tests are recom-mended. If a draft is noted with the exhaust fan off, furthermeasures are needed to eliminate the draft, such as adding apositive closing damper. The inside surfaces of the chambershall be of a dark color. When a light meter, facing towards therear of the chamber
25、is positioned in place of the test specimen,the light level shall be less than 20 lx.6.1.1 WarningProducts of combustion are toxic. An ex-haust fan is recommended for removing the products ofcombustion immediately after the test.NOTE 3Placing a mirror in the hood, to provide a rear view of the tests
26、pecimen, has been found useful.6.2 Laboratory Burner, constructed in accordance withSpecification D5025.6.3 Ring Stand, with a clamp or the equivalent, adjustablefor vertical positioning of specimens.6.4 Gas SupplyA supply of technical-grade methane gas(Min. 98 % pure) with suitable regulator and me
27、ter for uniformgas flow. Natural gas having an energy density of 37 6 1MJ/m3(1000 Btu/ft3) has been found to provide similar results.However, technical-grade methane gas shall be used as thereferee gas in cases of dispute. Other fuel gases such as butane,propane, and acetylene have higher energy den
28、sity and are notsuitable.6.5 TimerStopwatch or other suitable timing device ca-pable of timing to the nearest 0.5-seconds.6.6 CottonA supply of dry, absorbent 100 % surgicalcotton.6.7 Desiccator, containing anhydrous calcium chloride orother suitable drying agent, capable of maintaining a relativehu
29、midity not exceeding 20 % at 23 6 2C.6.8 Conditioning Room or Chamber, capable of being main-tained at 23 6 2C and a relative humidity of 50 6 10 %.6.9 Conditioning OvenA full-draft circulating-air ovencapable of being maintained at 70 6 2C.6.10 Specimen Mandrel Guide, 13 6 0.5-mm diameter rod.6.11
30、Micrometer, capable of being read to 0.01 mm.6.12 Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Tape, of a commercially-available type.6.13 Weighing Scale or Balance, having an accuracy andresolution of 0.01 g.6.14 Stainless steel or nichrome wire, of diameter 0.2 mm to0.5 mm.7. Sampling7.1 Unless otherwise agreed, m
31、aterial shall be sampled inaccordance with good statistical practice.8. Test Specimens8.1 It is possible that the results of tests carried out on testspecimens of different colors, thicknesses, densities, molecularweights, directions of orientation, or with different additives,fillers/reinforcements
32、, will be different.8.2 Test specimens in the minimum and maximum densities,melt flows and fillers/reinforcements contents shall be consid-ered representative of the range, if the test results yield thesame flame test classification. If the burning characteristics arenot essentially the same for all
33、 specimens representing therange, evaluation is to be limited only to the materials in theD4804 142densities, melt flows, and fillers/reinforcements contents tested,or additional test specimens in the intermediate densities, meltflows, and fillers/reinforcements contents are to be tested.8.3 Un-pigm
34、ented test specimens and test specimens withthe highest level of organic and inorganic pigment loading byweight are considered representative of the color range, if thetest results yield the same flame test classification. Whencertain pigments are known to affect flammabilitycharacteristics, they ar
35、e also to be tested. Test specimens to betested are those that:(a) contain no pigments (natural)(b) contain the highest level of organic pigments(c) contain the highest level of inorganic pigments(d) contain pigments which are known to adversely affectflammability characteristics8.4 All specimens sh
36、all be cut from a representative sampleof the material (sheets or end-products). After any cuttingoperation, care shall be taken to remove all dust and anyparticles from the surface; cut edges shall have a smooth finish.8.5 Standard specimens shall be 200 6 5 mm long, 50 6 2mm wide and a maximum of
37、0.25 mm thick. Measure thethickness of each to the nearest 0.01 mm and note themeasurements.8.5.1 Specimens 0.25 mm thick can be subjected to thistest method if the specimens due to their thinness andnonrigidity, distort, shrink and/or are consumed up to holdingclamp when tested using Test Method D3
38、801.8.5.2 Tests made on specimens of different thicknesses andmade in different directions of anisotropy are not alwayscomparable.8.6 Specimens shall be prepared by marking a line acrossthe specimen width 125 mm 6 5 mm from one end (bottom)of the cut specimen. The longitudinal axis of the specimen s
39、hallbe wrapped tightly around the longitudinal axis of the mandrelto form a lapped cylinder with the 125-mm line exposed. Theoverlapping portions of the specimens shall be secured withinthe upper 75-mm segment above the 125-mm mark and at theupper end of the tube with pressure-sensitive adhesive tap
40、e.The mandrel shall then be removed. If the material is prone todeveloping static charges that make the formation of a cylinderdifficult, it is acceptable to deionize the unformed specimenusing a device or material intended for that purpose.8.7 A minimum of 20 specimens shall be prepared. Prepareadd
41、itional specimens for retest purposes, if necessary.8.8 It is possible that different generic materials, althoughcapable of being wrapped and taped around the mandrel, willexhibit varying degrees of flaring out of the untaped end, someof which will potentially result in nonlapped “U” type speci-mens
42、. These various forms are considered acceptable to test ifit is possible to form the upper end into the cylinder. Whentesting stiff specimens, reinforce or replace the pressure-sensitive tape by wrapping nichrome wire around the top 75mm of the specimen. See Fig. 1(c).9. Conditioning9.1 Prepare the
43、cylindrical specimens before the condition-ing. Condition specimen sets as follows:9.1.1 Condition one set of five specimens for at least 48 h ata temperature of 23 6 2C and a relative humidity of 50 610 % prior to testing.9.1.2 Condition a second set of five specimens in acirculating-air oven for a
44、 duration of 168 h at 70 6 2C andthen cool in a desiccator capable of maintaining a relative notexceeding 20 % at 23 6 2C for at least4hatroom tempera-ture prior to testing.9.1.3 Upon removal from the conditioning environment,specimens shall be tested within 30 minutes.FIG. 1 Test ApparatusD4804 143
45、9.2 All specimens shall be tested in a laboratory atmosphereof 15 to 35C and 75 % relative humidity.9.3 Cotton shall be conditioned in the desiccator for at least24 hours prior to use. Once removed from the desiccator, thecotton shall be used within 30 minutes.10. Procedure10.1 Conduct the burning t
46、est in a chamber, enclosure, orlaboratory hood free of induced or forced draft.10.2 Support a specimen from the upper 6 mm of thespecimen, with the longitudinal axis vertical, by a heavy springclamp, so that the upper end of the tube is closed to prevent anychimney effects during the test. The lower
47、 end of the specimenshall be 10 6 1 mm above the top of the burner tube and 3006 10 mm above a horizontal layer of 0.05 to 0.08 g of cottonthinned to an area approximately 50 by 50 mm and a maximumthickness of 6 mm (see Fig. 1, View (a).10.2.1 To form the horizontal layer, it is acceptable to pull a
48、small portion (approximately 13 by 25 mm) of cotton from thesupply with the fingers and then thin and spread the cotton intoa 50 by 50 mm square having a free-standing thickness of 6mm.10.3 Place the burner remote from the specimen, ignite, andadjust it to produce a blue flame 20 6 1 mm high. Obtain
49、 theflame by adjusting the gas supply and the air ports of the burneruntil a 20 6 1 mm yellow-tipped blue flame is produced.Increase the air supply until the yellow tip just disappears.Measure the height of the flame again, and if necessary, adjustthe burner-gas supply to give the proper flame height. The testflame is to be calibrated using Practice D5207 monthly, whenthe gas supply or equipment is changed or when test results arequestioned.10.4 Place the test flame centrally under the lower end of theunlapped section of the test specimen with the
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