ASTM D4806-2008a Standard Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blending with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel.pdf

1、Designation: D 4806 08aAn American National StandardStandard Specification forDenatured Fuel Ethanol for Blending with Gasolines for Useas Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4806; the number immediately following the designation indicates the

2、year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers nominally anhydrous dena-

3、tured fuel ethanol intended to be blended with unleaded orleaded gasolines at 1 to 10 volume % for use as a spark-ignition automotive engine fuel. The significance of thisspecification is shown in Appendix X1.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurem

4、ent are included in thisstandard.1.2.1 ExceptionFederal regulations use the inch-poundunits that appear in Note 2, 5.1, and X1.2.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD 381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet

5、EvaporationD 891 Test Methods for Specific Gravity, Apparent, ofLiquid Industrial ChemicalsD 1152 Specification for Methanol (Methyl Alcohol)D 1613 Test Method for Acidity in Volatile Solvents andChemical Intermediates Used in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer,and Related ProductsD 1688 Test Methods for Coppe

6、r in WaterD 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD 3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD 3505 Test Method for Density or Relative Density ofPure Liquid C

7、hemicalsD 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Density MeterD 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Af

8、fected by Trace ContaminationD 4814 Specification forAutomotive Spark-Ignition EngineFuelD 5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD 5501 Test Method for Determination of Ethanol

9、 Contentof Denatured Fuel Ethanol by Gas ChromatographyD 5580 Test Method for Determination of Benzene, Tolu-ene, Ethylbenzene, p/m-Xylene, o-Xylene, C9and HeavierAromatics, and Total Aromatics in Finished Gasoline byGas ChromatographyD 5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of LiquidSamples of Petro

10、leum and Petroleum ProductsD 6423 Test Method for Determination of pHe of Ethanol,Denatured Fuel Ethanol, and Fuel Ethanol (Ed75-Ed85)D 6550 Test Method for Determination of Olefin Content ofGasolines by Supercritical-Fluid ChromatographyD 7318 Test Method for Total Inorganic Sulfate in Ethanolby Po

11、tentiometric TitrationD 7319 Test Method for Determination of Total and Poten-tial Sulfate and Inorganic Chloride in Fuel Ethanol byDirect Injection Suppressed Ion ChromatographyD 7328 Test Method for Determination of Total and Poten-tial Inorganic Sulfate and Total Inorganic Chloride in FuelEthanol

12、 by Ion Chromatography Using Aqueous SampleInjectionE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE 203 Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl FischerTitrationE 300 Practice for Sampling Industrial ChemicalsE 1064 Test Method for Water in Orga

13、nic Liquids byCoulometric Karl Fischer Titration1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.A0.01 on Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published

14、 January 2009. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D 480608.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document

15、 Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.2 Other Standards:United States Code of Federal Regulations, Title 27, Parts20 and 2

16、13United States Federal Specification O-E-760b, Ethyl Alco-hol (Ethanol): Denatured Alcohol: and Proprietary Sol-vent43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 ethanol, nethyl alcohol, the chemical compoundC2H5OH.3.1.2 gasoline, na volatile mixture of liquid hydrocar-bons, generally containing small amoun

17、ts of additives, suitablefor use as a fuel in spark-ignition, internal combustion engines.D 48143.1.3 gasoline-ethanol blend, na fuel consisting primarilyof gasoline along with a substantial amount (more than 0.35mass % oxygen) of denatured fuel ethanol. D 48143.1.4 oxygenate, nan oxygen-containing,

18、 ashless, organiccompound, such as an alcohol or ether, which may be used asa fuel or fuel supplement. D 48143.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 denaturantsnatural gasoline, gasoline components,unleaded gasoline, or toxic or noxious materials added to fuelethanol to make it unsu

19、itable for beverage use but notunsuitable for automotive use.3.2.2 denatured fuel ethanolfuel ethanol made unfit forbeverage use by the addition of denaturants.3.2.3 fuel ethanolethanol with impurities common to itsproduction (including water but excluding denaturants).3.2.4 impuritiesin commerciall

20、y produced fuel ethanol,compounds other than ethanol or denaturants present, such asmethanol and fusel oil (for example, amyl and isoamylalcohols).3.2.5 pHea measure of the acid strength of alcohol fuels.4. Performance Requirements4.1 Denatured Fuel EthanolWhen fuel ethanol is dena-tured as specifie

21、d in Section 5, it shall conform to the followingrequirements at the time of blending with a gasoline. (See Note1 and Note 2.)Ethanol, volume %, min 92.1Methanol, volume %, max 0.5Solvent-washed gum,mg/100 mL, max5.0Water content, volume %, max 1.0 (Note 3)Denaturant content, volume %, min 1.96volum

22、e %, max 5.0Inorganic Chloride content, massppm (mg/L), max10. (8)Copper content, mg/kg, max 0.1Acidity (as acetic acid CH3COOH),mass % (mg/L), max0.007 (56) (Note 4)pHe 6.5 to 9.0Sulfur, mass ppm, max 30.Sulfate, mass ppm, max 4Appearance Visibly free of suspended or precipi-tated contaminants (cle

23、ar and bright)NOTE 1For purposes of determining conformance with these speci-fication limits, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded“to the nearest unit” in the right-most significant digit used in expressingthe specification limit, in accordance with the rounding method of Practic

24、eE29. For a specification limit expressed as an integer, a trailing zero issignificant only if the decimal point is specified. For a specified limitexpressed as an integer, and the right-most digit is non-zero, the right-mostdigit is significant without a decimal point being specified. This conven-t

25、ion applies to specified limits in this table (4.1) and will not be observedin the remainder of this specification.NOTE 2If denatured fuel ethanol is prepared by the addition ofdenaturants to undenatured fuel ethanol after it has been produced ratherthan during the dehydration process, the 15.56/15.

26、56C (60/60F) specificgravity in air of the undenatured fuel ethanol shall be in the range from0.79370.7977.NOTE 3In some cases, a lower water content may be necessary toavoid phase separation of a gasoline-ethanol blend at very low tempera-tures. This reduced water content, measured at the time of d

27、elivery, shallbe agreed upon between the supplier and purchaser.NOTE 4Denatured fuel ethanol may contain additives, such as corro-sion inhibitors and detergents, that may affect the titratable acidity (acidityas acetic acid) of the finished fuel ethanol. Although the base fuel ethanolmay meet the ac

28、idity specification, the effect of these additives mayproduce an apparent high titratable acidity of the finished product. Contactthe ethanol supplier if there is a question regarding the titratable acidity ofyour denatured fuel ethanol to verify that the base ethanol meets theacidity requirements o

29、f 4.1.4.2 Other PropertiesLimits more restrictive than thosespecified above, or the specification of additional propertiessuch as color, may be agreed upon between the supplier and thepurchaser.5. Denaturants5.1 The only denaturants used for fuel ethanol shall benatural gasoline, gasoline components

30、, or unleaded gasoline ata minimum concentration of two parts by volume per 100 partsby volume of fuel ethanol. One denatured formula specificallydesigned for fuel use by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax andTrade Bureau (TTB) of the U.S. Treasury Department isFormula C.D.A. 20. It requires that for every

31、 100 gal of ethanolof not less than 195 proof, a total of 2.0 gal of denaturant be3Order as Code of Federal Regulations Title 27 Parts 200-End: from U.S.Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW,Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.4Order from U.S. Government Pri

32、nting Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.D 4806 08a2added. Another fuel alcohol rendered unfit for beverage useand manufactured at an alcohol fuel plant (AFP) requires theaddition of 2 gal or more of materials listed by the director toeach

33、 100 gal of ethanol. The fuel ethanol formulas approved bythe U.S. Treasury Department include materials, which are notallowed by this ASTM specification. This specification prohib-its the use of hydrocarbons with an end boiling point higherthan 225C (437F) as determined by Test Method D86,although

34、they may be permitted by TTB regulations. Somekerosines, for instance, promote piston scuff in automotiveengines. The denaturants permitted by this specification maybe included as part of the 10 volume % denatured fuel ethanolblended with a gasoline if they do not exceed five volume % offuel ethanol

35、. Any part of these denaturants that are present atconcentrations higher than five volume % of fuel ethanol areconsidered as part of the base gasoline. The maximum dena-turant limits are specified by United States Internal RevenueService (IRS) regulations.NOTE 5TTB regulations concerning the prepara

36、tion, use, and han-dling of denatured ethanols are published in the United States Code ofFederal Regulations, Title 27, Parts 19, 20, and 21. 27 CFR 19.1005contains regulations for rendering fuel alcohol unfit for beverage use by anAFP. 27 CFR 21.24 contains the formula for manufacturing completelyd

37、enatured alcohol, C.D.A. 20.5.2 Prohibited DenaturantsAlthough this specificationpermits only hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range to beused as denaturants, specific mention must be made of somematerials that have extremely adverse effects on fuel stability,automotive engines, and fuel systems

38、. These materials shall notbe used as denaturants for fuel ethanol under any circum-stances. They are as follows: methanol which does not meetSpecification D 1152, pyrroles, turpentine, ketones, and tars(high-molecular weight pyrolysis products of fossil or nonfos-sil vegetable matter). While any si

39、gnificant amount of metha-nol will lower the water tolerance and increase the vaporpressure of a gasoline-ethanol blend, these effects becomemore serious when methanol is present at more than 2.5 partsby volume per 100 parts by volume of fuel ethanol. Also,methanol, which does not meet Specification

40、 D 1152, fre-quently contains impurities, such as turpentine and tars. Simi-larly, ketone denaturants tend to degrade fuel stability orincrease the tendency of a gasoline-ethanol blend to corrodemetals and attack elastomers. These effects become moreserious if the concentration of a ketone such as 4

41、-methylpentanone (methyl isobutyl ketone) exceeds one part byvolume per 100 parts by volume of fuel ethanol. There is noinformation available on the effects of denaturants other thanthose mentioned above; but unless a denaturant, such as ahigher aliphatic alcohol or ether, is known to have no advers

42、eeffect on a gasoline-ethanol blend or on automotive engines orfuel systems, it shall not be used.6. Workmanship6.1 The fuel ethanol shall be visually free of sediment andsuspended matter. It shall be clear and bright at the ambienttemperature or 21C, whichever is higher.6.2 The specification define

43、s only a basic purity for thisproduct. The product shall be free of any adulterant orcontaminant that may render the material unacceptable for itscommonly used applications.7. Sampling, Containers, and Sample Handling7.1 The reader is strongly advised to review all intended testmethods prior to samp

44、ling to understand the importance andeffects of sampling technique, proper containers, and specialhandling required for each test method.7.2 Correct sampling procedures are critical to obtain asample representative of the lot intended to be tested. Useappropriate procedures in Practice D 4057 or Pra

45、ctice E 300for manual method sampling and in Practice D 4177 forautomatic method sampling, as applicable.7.3 The correct sample volume and appropriate containerselection are important decisions that can impact test results.Refer to Practice D 4306 for aviation fuel container selectionfor tests sensi

46、tive to trace contamination. Refer to PracticeD 5854 for procedures on container selection and samplemixing and handling. All sampling and storage containersshould be evaluated for durability and contamination of fuelethanol prior to use. If samples must be collected in metalcontainers, do not use s

47、oldered metal containers. Soldering fluxin the containers and the lead in the solder can contaminate thesample.7.4 Sample SizeA minimum of about 1 L is recom-mended. If specific gravity is to be determined by a hydrometermethod, additional volume may be required. This depends onthe size of the hydro

48、meter.7.5 Lot SizeA lot shall normally consist of the amountcontained in a tanker compartment or other bulk container inwhich it is delivered. If this definition does not apply, thedefinition of a lot must be agreed upon between the supplierand purchaser.NOTE 6See Sections 5, 6, and 7 on Significanc

49、e, Safety, and Statis-tical Considerations, respectively, of Practice E 300 for a detailed discus-sion of the statistics of sampling.8. Test Methods8.1 The scope of some of the test methods specified in8.2-8.10 do not include denatured fuel ethanol. The precisionsof those test methods may differ from the reported precisionswhen testing denatured fuel ethanol.8.2 Water ContentTest Methods E 203 or E 1064.8.3 Solvent-Washed Gum ContentTest Method D 381, airjet apparatus.8.4 AcidityTest Method D 1613.8.5 pHeTest Method D 6423.8.6 AppearanceThe product sha