ASTM D4806-2009 Standard Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blending with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel.pdf

1、Designation: D 4806 09An American National StandardStandard Specification forDenatured Fuel Ethanol for Blending with Gasolines for Useas Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4806; the number immediately following the designation indicates the y

2、ear oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers nominally anhydrous dena-t

3、ured fuel ethanol intended to be blended with unleaded orleaded gasolines at 1 to 10 volume % for use as a spark-ignition automotive engine fuel. The significance of thisspecification is shown in Appendix X1.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measureme

4、nt are included in thisstandard.1.2.1 ExceptionFederal regulations use the inch-poundunits that appear in Note 2, 5.1, and X1.2.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD 381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by JetE

5、vaporationD 891 Test Methods for Specific Gravity, Apparent, ofLiquid Industrial ChemicalsD 1152 Specification for Methanol (Methyl Alcohol)D 1613 Test Method for Acidity in Volatile Solvents andChemical Intermediates Used in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer,and Related ProductsD 1688 Test Methods for Copper

6、 in WaterD 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD 3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD 3505 Test Method for Density or Relative Density ofPure Liquid Ch

7、emicalsD 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Density MeterD 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Aff

8、ected by Trace ContaminationD 4814 Specification forAutomotive Spark-Ignition EngineFuelD 5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD 5501 Test Method for Determination of Ethanol

9、Contentof Denatured Fuel Ethanol by Gas ChromatographyD 5580 Test Method for Determination of Benzene, Tolu-ene, Ethylbenzene, p/m-Xylene, o-Xylene, C9and HeavierAromatics, and Total Aromatics in Finished Gasoline byGas ChromatographyD 5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of LiquidSamples of Petrol

10、eum and Petroleum ProductsD 6423 Test Method for Determination of pHe of Ethanol,Denatured Fuel Ethanol, and Fuel Ethanol (Ed75-Ed85)D 6550 Test Method for Determination of Olefin Content ofGasolines by Supercritical-Fluid ChromatographyD 7318 Test Method for Total Inorganic Sulfate in Ethanolby Pot

11、entiometric TitrationD 7319 Test Method for Determination of Total and Poten-tial Sulfate and Inorganic Chloride in Fuel Ethanol byDirect Injection Suppressed Ion ChromatographyD 7328 Test Method for Determination of Total and Poten-tial Inorganic Sulfate and Total Inorganic Chloride in FuelEthanol

12、by Ion Chromatography Using Aqueous SampleInjectionE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE 203 Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl FischerTitrationE 300 Practice for Sampling Industrial ChemicalsE 1064 Test Method for Water in Organ

13、ic Liquids byCoulometric Karl Fischer Titration1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.A0.01 on Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends.Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published

14、July 2009. Originally approvedin 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D 480608a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Su

15、mmary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.2 Other Standards:United States Code of Federal Regulations, Title 27, Parts19, 20, and

16、 2133. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 ethanol, nethyl alcohol, the chemical compoundC2H5OH.3.1.2 gasoline, na volatile mixture of liquid hydrocar-bons, generally containing small amounts of additives, suitablefor use as a fuel in spark-ignition, internal combustion engines.D 48143.1.3 gasoline-eth

17、anol blend, na fuel consisting primarilyof gasoline along with a substantial amount (more than 0.35mass % oxygen) of denatured fuel ethanol. D 48143.1.4 oxygenate, nan oxygen-containing, ashless, organiccompound, such as an alcohol or ether, which may be used asa fuel or fuel supplement. D 48143.2 D

18、efinitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 denaturants, nnatural gasoline, gasoline compo-nents, unleaded gasoline, or toxic or noxious materials added tofuel ethanol to make it unsuitable for beverage use but notunsuitable for automotive use.3.2.2 denatured fuel ethanol, nfuel ethanol made

19、 unfit forbeverage use by the addition of denaturants.3.2.3 fuel ethanol, nethanol with impurities common toits production (including water but excluding denaturants).3.2.4 impurities, nin commercially produced fuel ethanol,compounds other than ethanol or denaturants present, such asmethanol and fus

20、el oil (for example, amyl and isoamylalcohols).3.2.5 pHe, na measure of the acid strength of alcoholfuels.4. Performance Requirements4.1 Denatured Fuel EthanolWhen fuel ethanol is dena-tured as specified in Section 5, it shall conform to the followingrequirements at the time of blending with a gasol

21、ine. (See Note1 and Note 2.)Ethanol, volume %, min 92.1Methanol, volume %, max 0.5Solvent-washed gum,mg/100 mL, max5.0Water content, volume %, max 1.0 (Note 3)Denaturant content, volume %, min 1.96volume %, max 5.0Inorganic Chloride content, massppm (mg/L), max10. (8)Copper content, mg/kg, max 0.1Ac

22、idity (as acetic acid CH3COOH),mass % (mg/L), max0.007 (56) (Note 4)pHe 6.5 to 9.0Sulfur, mass ppm, max 30.Total sulfate, mass ppm, max 4Appearance Visibly free of suspended or precipi-tated contaminants (clear and bright)NOTE 1For purposes of determining conformance with these speci-fication limits

23、, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded“to the nearest unit” in the right-most significant digit used in expressingthe specification limit, in accordance with the rounding method of PracticeE29. For a specification limit expressed as an integer, a trailing zero issignificant only

24、if the decimal point is specified. For a specified limitexpressed as an integer, and the right-most digit is non-zero, the right-mostdigit is significant without a decimal point being specified. This conven-tion applies to specified limits in this table (4.1) and will not be observedin the remainder

25、 of this specification.NOTE 2If denatured fuel ethanol is prepared by the addition ofdenaturants to undenatured fuel ethanol after it has been produced ratherthan during the dehydration process, the 15.56/15.56C (60/60F) specificgravity in air of the undenatured fuel ethanol shall be in the range fr

26、om0.79370.7977.NOTE 3In some cases, a lower water content may be necessary toavoid phase separation of a gasoline-ethanol blend at very low tempera-tures. This reduced water content, measured at the time of delivery, shallbe agreed upon between the supplier and purchaser.NOTE 4Denatured fuel ethanol

27、 may contain additives, such as corro-sion inhibitors and detergents, that may affect the titratable acidity (acidityas acetic acid) of the finished fuel ethanol. Although the base fuel ethanolmay meet the acidity specification, the effect of these additives mayproduce an apparent high titratable ac

28、idity of the finished product. Contactthe ethanol supplier if there is a question regarding the titratable acidity ofyour denatured fuel ethanol to verify that the base ethanol meets theacidity requirements of 4.1.4.2 Other PropertiesLimits more restrictive than thosespecified above, or the specific

29、ation of additional propertiessuch as color, may be agreed upon between the supplier and thepurchaser.5. Denaturants5.1 The only denaturants used for fuel ethanol shall benatural gasoline, gasoline components, or unleaded gasoline ata minimum concentration of two parts by volume per 100 partsby volu

30、me of fuel ethanol. One denatured formula specificallydesigned for fuel use by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax andTrade Bureau (TTB) of the U.S. Treasury Department isFormula C.D.A. 20. It requires that for every 100 gal of ethanolof not less than 195 proof, a total of 2.0 gal of denaturant beadded. Ano

31、ther fuel alcohol rendered unfit for beverage useand manufactured at an alcohol fuel plant (AFP) requires theaddition of 2 gal or more of materials listed by the director toeach 100 gal of ethanol. The fuel ethanol formulas approved bythe U.S. Treasury Department include materials, which are notallo

32、wed by this ASTM specification. This specification prohib-its the use of hydrocarbons with an end boiling point higherthan 225C (437F) as determined by Test Method D86,although they may be permitted by TTB regulations. Somekerosines, for instance, promote piston scuff in automotiveengines. The denat

33、urants permitted by this specification maybe included as part of the 10 volume % denatured fuel ethanolblended with a gasoline if they do not exceed five volume % offuel ethanol. Any part of these denaturants that are present atconcentrations higher than five volume % of fuel ethanol areconsidered a

34、s part of the base gasoline. The maximum dena-turant limits are specified by United States Internal RevenueService (IRS) regulations.NOTE 5TTB regulations concerning the preparation, use, and han-dling of denatured ethanols are published in the United States Code ofFederal Regulations, Title 27, Par

35、ts 19, 20, and 21. 27 CFR 19.10053Order as Code of Federal Regulations Title 27 Parts 139: from U.S.Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW,Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401 or the online store at www.gpo.gov.D4806092contains regulations for rendering fuel a

36、lcohol unfit for beverage use by anAFP. 27 CFR 21.24 contains the formula for manufacturing completelydenatured alcohol, C.D.A. 20.5.2 Prohibited DenaturantsAlthough this specificationpermits only hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range to beused as denaturants, specific mention must be made of s

37、omematerials that have extremely adverse effects on fuel stability,automotive engines, and fuel systems. These materials shall notbe used as denaturants for fuel ethanol under any circum-stances. They are as follows: methanol which does not meetSpecification D 1152, pyrroles, turpentine, ketones, an

38、d tars(high-molecular weight pyrolysis products of fossil or nonfos-sil vegetable matter). While any significant amount of metha-nol will lower the water tolerance and increase the vaporpressure of a gasoline-ethanol blend, these effects becomemore serious when methanol is present at more than 2.5 p

39、artsby volume per 100 parts by volume of fuel ethanol. Also,methanol, which does not meet Specification D 1152, fre-quently contains impurities, such as turpentine and tars. Simi-larly, ketone denaturants tend to degrade fuel stability orincrease the tendency of a gasoline-ethanol blend to corrodeme

40、tals and attack elastomers. These effects become moreserious if the concentration of a ketone such as 4-methylpentanone (methyl isobutyl ketone) exceeds one part byvolume per 100 parts by volume of fuel ethanol. There is noinformation available on the effects of denaturants other thanthose mentioned

41、 above; but unless a denaturant, such as ahigher aliphatic alcohol or ether, is known to have no adverseeffect on a gasoline-ethanol blend or on automotive engines orfuel systems, it shall not be used.6. Workmanship6.1 The fuel ethanol shall be visually free of sediment andsuspended matter. It shall

42、 be clear and bright at the ambienttemperature or 21C, whichever is higher.6.2 The specification defines only a basic purity for thisproduct. The product shall be free of any adulterant orcontaminant that may render the material unacceptable for itscommonly used applications.7. Sampling, Containers,

43、 and Sample Handling7.1 The reader is strongly advised to review all intended testmethods prior to sampling to understand the importance andeffects of sampling technique, proper containers, and specialhandling required for each test method.7.2 Correct sampling procedures are critical to obtain asamp

44、le representative of the lot intended to be tested. Useappropriate procedures in Practice D 4057 or Practice E 300for manual method sampling and in Practice D 4177 forautomatic method sampling, as applicable.7.3 The correct sample volume and appropriate containerselection are important decisions tha

45、t can impact test results.Refer to Practice D 4306 for aviation fuel container selectionfor tests sensitive to trace contamination. Refer to PracticeD 5854 for procedures on container selection and samplemixing and handling. All sampling and storage containersshould be evaluated for durability and c

46、ontamination of fuelethanol prior to use. If samples must be collected in metalcontainers, do not use soldered metal containers. Soldering fluxin the containers and the lead in the solder can contaminate thesample.7.4 Sample SizeA minimum of about 1 L is recom-mended. If specific gravity is to be de

47、termined by a hydrometermethod, additional volume may be required. This depends onthe size of the hydrometer.7.5 Lot SizeA lot shall normally consist of the amountcontained in a tanker compartment or other bulk container inwhich it is delivered. If this definition does not apply, thedefinition of a

48、lot must be agreed upon between the supplierand purchaser.NOTE 6See Sections 5, 6, and 7 on Significance, Safety, and Statis-tical Considerations, respectively, of Practice E 300 for a detailed discus-sion of the statistics of sampling.8. Test Methods8.1 The scope of some of the test methods specifi

49、ed in8.2-8.10 do not include denatured fuel ethanol. The precisionsof those test methods may differ from the reported precisionswhen testing denatured fuel ethanol.8.2 Water ContentTest Methods E 203 or E 1064.8.3 Solvent-Washed Gum ContentTest Method D 381, airjet apparatus.8.4 AcidityTest Method D 1613.8.5 pHeTest Method D 6423.8.6 AppearanceThe product shall be visibly free of sus-pended or precipitated contaminants (clear and bright). Thisshall be determined at indoor ambient temperature unlessotherwise agreed upon between the supplier and the purc