1、Designation: D4809 09a1D4809 13Standard Test Method forHeat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by BombCalorimeter (Precision Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4809; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the ca
2、se of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1 NOTECorrected footn
3、ote reference in 11.4 editorially in November 2012.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heat of combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. It is designed specifically for usewith aviation turbine fuels when the permissible difference between duplicate determinations is of the order of
4、 0.2 %. It can beused for a wide range of volatile and nonvolatile materials where slightly greater differences in precision can be tolerated.1.2 In order to attain this precision, strict adherence to all details of the procedure is essential since the error contributed by eachindividual measurement
5、 that affects the precision shall be kept below 0.04 %, insofar as possible.1.3 Under normal conditions, the test method is directly applicable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2 fuel oil,Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT gas turbine fuels.1.4 Through the im
6、provement of the calorimeter controls and temperature measurements, the precision is improved over thatof Test Method D240.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address the s
7、afety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of theuser of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitationsprior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7, 10.6, A1.7.1 and Annex A3.
8、2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb CalorimeterD1018 Test Method for Hydrogen In Petroleum FractionsD1193 Specificat
9、ion for Reagent WaterD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microco
10、ulometryD3701 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic ResonanceSpectrometryD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
11、 Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD7171 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Middle Distillate Petroleum Products by Low-Resolution Pulsed Nuclear MagneticResonance SpectroscopyE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermo
12、meters1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.05 onProperties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009May 1, 2013. Published November 2009Ma
13、y 2013. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2009 asD4809D4809 09a109 DOI: 10.1520/D4809-09a.10.1520/D4809-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume inf
14、ormation, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately
15、depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM Interna
16、tional, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E144 Practice for Safe Use of Oxygen Combustion BombsE200 Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Storage of Standard and Reagent Solutions for Chemical AnalysisD4809 1323. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3
17、.1.1 gross heat of combustionexpressed as megajoules per kilogram. The gross heat of combustion at constant volume of aliquid or solid fuel containing only the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur is the quantity of heat liberatedwhen a unit mass of the fuel is burned in oxygen in
18、 an enclosure of constant volume, the products of combustion being gaseouscarbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, and liquid water, with the initial temperature of the fuel and the oxygen and the finaltemperature of the products at 25C. Gross heat of combustion (see Note 1) is represented by the s
19、ymbol Qg.3NOTE 1Users of this test method desiring to calculate H for a pure compound should note that corrections must be applied to the value of Qgfor buoyancy of air, heat capacities of reaction components, reduction to a constant-pressure process, and deviations of the reaction from thethermodyn
20、amic standard state. In any comparison of measurements on pure compounds with those cited in these compilations3, the user of this testmethod should realize that impurities of various kinds, including water and foreign hydrocarbons may cause significant effects on the values obtainedfor particular s
21、amples of material.3.1.2 net heat of combustionexpressed as megajoules per kilogram. The net heat of combustion at constant pressure of a liquidor a solid fuel containing only the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur is the quantity of heat liberated whena unit mass of the fuel is
22、 burned in oxygen at a constant pressure of 0.101 MPa, the products of combustion being carbon dioxide,nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, and water, all in the gaseous state, with the initial temperature of the fuel and the oxygen and the finaltemperature of the products of combustion at 25C. The net heat of
23、 combustion4,5 is represented by the symbol Qn and is relatedto the gross heat of combustion by the following equation:Qn net,25C!5Q g gross,25C!20.21223H (1)where:Qn (net, 25C) = net heat of combustion at constant pressure, MJ/kg,Qg (gross, 25C) = gross heat of combustion at constant volume, MJ/kg,
24、 andH = mass % of hydrogen in the sample.3.1.3 energy equivalent (effective heat capacity or water equivalent) the energy equivalent of the calorimeter expressed asjoules per degree Celsius, J/C.NOTE 2The energy equivalent may be expressed in any energy unit and any temperature unit so long as the v
25、alue is used consistently throughoutthe calculations.3.2 Units:3.2.1 Temperatures are measured in degrees Celsius.3.2.2 Time is expressed in minutes and decimal fractions thereof. It can be measured in minutes or seconds, or both.3.2.3 Masses are measured in grams. No buoyancy corrections are applie
26、d except to obtain the mass of benzoic acid.3.2.4 The energy unit of measurement employed in this test method is the joule with the heat of combustion reported inmegajoules per kilogram (Note 3).1MJ/kg51000 J/g (2)NOTE 3In SI the unit of heat of combustion has the dimension J/kg, but for practical u
27、se a multiple is more convenient. The MJ/kg is customarilyused for the representation of heats of combustion of petroleum fuels.3.2.5 The following relationships may be used for converting to other units:1 cal (International Table calorie) = 4.1868 JA1 Btu (British thermal unit) = 1055.06 J1 cal (I.
28、T.)/g = 0.0041868 MJ/kgA1 Btu/lb = 0.002326 MJ/kgA1 atm = 0.101325 MPaA Conversion factor is exact.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The heat of combustion is determined by burning a weighed sample in an oxygen-bomb calorimeter under controlledconditions. The temperature increase is measured by a tempera
29、ture reading instrument which allows the precision of the testmethod to be met. The heat of combustion is calculated from temperature observations before, during, and after combustion, withproper allowance for thermochemical and heat-transfer corrections. Either isoperibol or adiabatic calorimeters
30、may be used.3 Prosen, E. J., “Experimental Thermochemistry.” F. D. Rossini, editor, Interscience Publishers, 1956, pp. 129148. Reliable values for heats of combustion of purecompounds are given in National Bureau of Standards Circular C-461, “Selected Values of Properties of Hydrocarbons” (U.S. Gove
31、rnment Printing Office, Washington, DC,1947) and in F. D. Rossini, et al, “Selected Values of Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds,” Carnegie Press, Pittsburgh, PA,1953. These compilations were prepared by F. D. Rossini, et al, as part of American Petroleum Ins
32、titute Research Project 44.4 Supporting data (derivation of equations) have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1346.5 Jessup, R. S., “Precise Measurement of Heat of Combustion with a Bomb Calorimeter,” NBS Monograph 7, U.S. Governme
33、nt Printing Office.D4809 1335. Significance and Use5.1 The heat of combustion is a measure of the energy available from a fuel. A knowledge of this value is essential whenconsidering the thermal efficiency of equipment for producing either power or heat.5.2 The mass heat of combustion, that is, the
34、heat of combustion per unit mass of fuel, is measured by this procedure. Itsmagnitude is particularly important to weight-limited vehicles such as airplanes, surface effect vehicles, and hydrofoils as thedistance such craft can travel on a given weight of fuel is a direct function of the fuels mass
35、heat of combustion and its density.5.3 The volumetric heat of combustion, that is, the heat of combustion per unit volume of fuel, can be calculated by multiplyingthe mass heat of combustion by the density of the fuel (mass per unit volume). The volumetric heat of combustion, rather than themass hea
36、t of combustion, is important to volume-limited craft such as automobiles and ships, as it is directly related to the distancetraveled between refuelings.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Room, Bomb, Calorimeter, Jacket, Thermometers, and Accessories, as described in Annex A1.6.2 Semimicro Analytical Balance, ha
37、ving a sensitivity of 0.01 mg as specified in 10.5.1.6.3 Heavy-Duty Analytical Balance, having a sensitivity of 0.05 g as specified in 10.7.2.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that allreagents
38、 shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society, wheresuch specifications are available.6 Other grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently highpurity to permit its use without lessening the ac
39、curacy of the determination.7.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, references to water shall be understood to mean reagent water conforming toSpecification D1193, Type IV or better.7.3 Benzoic Acid7The acid must be pelleted before use.7.4 Firing Wire0.127 mm (No. 36 gage) platinum wire, No.
40、34 B bomb calorimeter; heat of combustion; hydrocarbon fuels12 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting RR:D02-1229. The precision and bias values in this statement weredetermined in a cooperative laboratory program that follows RR:D02-1007.D4809 139ANNE
41、XES(Mandatory Information)A1. APPARATUS FOR HEAT OF COMBUSTION TESTA1.1 Test RoomA1.1.1 The room in which the calorimeter is operated must be free from drafts and not subject to sudden temperature changes.The exact temperature is not important as long as it is in the range from 23 to 26C and is held
42、 constant. The temperature mustbe constant, not only throughout the day, but from one time of the year to another. The direct rays of the sun shall not strike thecalorimeter jacket, bridge, and galvanometer. Adequate facilities for lighting, heating, and ventilation should be provided.Thermostatic c
43、ontrol of room temperature and controlled humidity are desirable.A1.2 Oxygen BombA1.2.1 The oxygen bomb shall meet the requirements specified in Practice E144 and have an internal volume of 350 6 50 mL.All parts shall be constructed of materials that are not affected by the combustion process or pro
44、ducts sufficient to introducemeasurable heat input or alteration of end products. If the bomb is lined with platinum or gold, all openings shall be sealed toprevent combustion products from reaching the base metal. The bomb must be designed so that all liquid combustion products canbe completely rec
45、overed by washing the inner surfaces. There must be no gas leakage during a test. The bomb must be capableof withstanding a hydrostatic pressure test to a gage pressure of 20.7 MPa at room temperature without stressing any part beyondits elastic limit.13 If necessary, modify the bomb such that the f
46、eet are 12 mm high to allow for better water circulation under thebomb.A1.3 Calorimeter BucketA1.3.1 The calorimeter bucket shall be made of metal (preferably copper or brass) with a tarnish-resistant coating, and with allouter surfaces highly polished. Its size shall be such that the bomb will be c
47、ompletely immersed in water when the calorimeteris assembled. It shall have a device for stirring the water thoroughly and at a uniform rate but with minimum heat input. Continuousstirring for 10 min shall not raise the temperature more than 0.01C starting with identical temperatures in the calorime
48、ter, room,and jacket. The immersed portion of the stirrer shall be coupled to the outside through a material of a low-heat conductivity.A1.4 JacketA1.4.1 The calorimeter bomb, bucket, and water shall be completely enclosed within a stirred water jacket and supported so thatits sides, top, and bottom
49、 are approximately 1 cm from the jacket walls. The jacket may be arranged so as to remain at a constanttemperature, or with provisions for automatically adjusting the jacket temperature to equal that of the calorimeter bomb, bucket,and water for adiabatic operation. It must be constructed so that any water evaporating from the jacket will not condense on thecalorimeter bucket.14A1.5 ThermometersA1.5.1 Temperatures in the jacket and the calorimeter, respectively, shall be measured with the following thermometers:A1.5.1.1 Etched stem, liquid-in-gla
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