ASTM D4809-2018 Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method).pdf

1、Designation: D4809 13D4809 18Standard Test Method forHeat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by BombCalorimeter (Precision Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4809; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case

2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This

3、test method covers the determination of the heat of combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. It is designed specifically for usewith aviation turbine fuels when the permissible difference between duplicate determinations is of the order of 0.2 %. It can beused for a wide range of volatile and nonvolatile ma

4、terials where slightly greater differences in precision can be tolerated.1.2 In order to attain this precision, strict adherence to all details of the procedure is essential since the error contributed by eachindividual measurement that affects the precision shall be kept below 0.04 %, insofar as po

5、ssible.1.3 Under normal conditions, thethis test method is directly applicable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2 fueloil, Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel, and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT gas turbine fuels.1.4 Through the improvement of the calorimeter controls and temperature measuremen

6、ts, the precision is improved over thatof Test Method D240.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is th

7、e responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7, 10.6, A1.7.1, and Annex A3.1.7 This international stan

8、dard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Refe

9、renced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb CalorimeterD1018 Test Method for Hydrogen In Petroleum FractionsD1193 Specification for

10、 Reagent WaterD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcoulometr

11、yD3701 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic ResonanceSpectrometryD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light

12、Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD7171 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Middle Distillate Petroleum Products by Low-Resolution Pulsed Nuclear MagneticResonance Spectroscopy1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Co

13、mmittee D02 on Petroleum Products Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.Current edition approved May 1, 2013July 1, 2018. Published May 2013August 2018. Originally approved in 1988. Las

14、t previous edition approved in 20092013 asD4809 09aD4809 13.1. DOI: 10.1520/D4809-13.10.1520/D4809-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards D

15、ocument Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, AST

16、M recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO

17、Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE144 Practice for Safe Use of Oxygen Combustion VesselsE200 Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Storage of Standard and Reagent Solutions for Chemical AnalysisD4809 1823. Termin

18、ology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 gross heat of combustionexpressed as megajoules per kilogram. The gross heat of combustion at constant volume of aliquid or solid fuel containing only the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur is the quantity of heat liberatedwhen a unit mass of the fuel

19、is burned in oxygen in an enclosure of constant volume, the products of combustion being gaseouscarbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, and liquid water, with the initial temperature of the fuel and the oxygen and the finaltemperature of the products at 25C. Gross heat of combustion (see Note 1) i

20、s represented by the symbol Qg.3NOTE 1Users of this test method desiring to calculate H for a pure compound should note that corrections must be applied to the value of Qgfor buoyancy of air, heat capacities of reaction components, reduction to a constant-pressure process, and deviations of the reac

21、tion from thethermodynamic standard state. In any comparison of measurements on pure compounds with those cited in these compilations3, the user of this testmethod should realize that impurities of various kinds, including water and foreign hydrocarbons may cause significant effects on the values ob

22、tainedfor particular samples of material.3.1.1 netgross heat of combustioncombustion, Qg (MJ/kg)3, nexpressed as megajoules per kilogram. The net heat ofcombustion at constant pressure of a liquid or a solid fuel containing only the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, andsulfur is the quant

23、ity of heat liberatedthe quantity of energy released when a unit mass of the fuel is burned in oxygen at a constantpressure of 0.101 MPa, the products of combustion being carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, and water, all in the gaseousstate, with the initial temperature of the fuel and the ox

24、ygen and the final temperature of the products of combustion at 25C. Thenet heat of combustionin a constant volume enclosure, with the products being gaseous, other than water that ,is represented bythe symbol condensed Qn and is related to the gross heat of combustion by the following equation: to

25、the liquid state.Qn net,25C!5Q g gross,25C!20.21223H (1)where:Qn (net, 25C) = net heat of combustion at constant pressure, MJ/kg,Qg (gross, 25C) = gross heat of combustion at constant volume, MJ/kg, andH = mass % of hydrogen in the sample.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe fuel can be either liquid or solid, and

26、 contain only the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. The productsof combustion, in oxygen, are gaseous carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and liquid water. In this procedure, 25 Cis the initial temperature of the fuel and the oxygen, and the final temperature of t

27、he products of combustion.3.1.2 net heat of combustion, Qn (MJ/kg)4,5, nthe quantity of energy released when a unit mass of fuel is burned at constantpressure, with all the products, including water, being gaseous.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe fuel can be either liquid or solid, and contain only the element

28、s carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. The productsof combustion, in oxygen, are carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and water, all in the gaseous state. In this procedure,the combustion takes place at a constant pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm), and 25 C is the initial temper

29、ature of the fuel and theoxygen, and the final temperature of the products of combustion.3.1.3 energy equivalent (effective heat capacity or water equivalent)equivalent), nthe energy equivalent of the calorimeterexpressed as joules per degree Celsius, J/C.NOTE 1The energy equivalent may be expressed

30、 in any energy unit and any temperature unit so long as the value is used consistently throughoutthe calculations.3.2 Units:3.2.1 Temperatures are measured in degrees Celsius.3.2.2 Time is expressed in minutes and decimal fractions thereof. It can be measured in minutes or seconds, or both.3.2.3 Mas

31、ses are measured in grams. No buoyancy corrections are applied except to obtain the mass of benzoic acid.3 Prosen, E. J., “Experimental Thermochemistry.” F. D. Rossini, editor, Interscience Publishers, 1956, pp. 129148. Reliable values for heats of combustion of purecompounds are given in National B

32、ureau of Standards Circular C-461, “Selected Values of Properties of Hydrocarbons” (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC,1947) and in F. D. Rossini, et al, “Selected Values of Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds,” Carnegie Press, Pittsburgh, PA,1953

33、. These compilations were prepared by F. D. Rossini, et al, as part of American Petroleum Institute Research Project 44.4 Supporting data (derivation of equations) have been filed atASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1346. ContactASTM Customer Se

34、rvice at serviceastm.org.5 Jessup, R. S., “Precise Measurement of Heat of Combustion with a Bomb Calorimeter,” NBS Monograph 7, U.S. Government Printing Office.D4809 1833.2.4 The energy unit of measurement employed in this test method is the joule with the heat of combustion reported inmegajoules pe

35、r kilogram (Note 32).1MJ/kg51000 J/g (1)NOTE 2In SI the unit of heat of combustion has the dimension J/kg, but for practical use a multiple is more convenient. The MJ/kg is customarilyused for the representation of heats of combustion of petroleum fuels.3.2.5 The following relationships may be used

36、for converting to other units:1 cal (International Table calorie) = 4.1868 JA1 Btu (British thermal unit) = 1055.06 J1 cal (I.T.)/g = 0.0041868 MJ/kgA1 Btu/lb = 0.002326 MJ/kgA1 atm = 0.101325 MPaA Conversion factor is exact.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The heat of combustion is determined by burnin

37、g a weighed sample in an oxygen-bomb calorimeter under controlledconditions. The temperature increase is measured by a temperature reading instrument which allows the precision of thethis testmethod to be met. The heat of combustion is calculated from temperature observations before, during, and aft

38、er combustion, withproper allowance for thermochemical and heat-transfer corrections. Either isoperibol or adiabatic calorimeters may be used.5. Significance and Use5.1 The heat of combustion is a measure of the energy available from a fuel. A knowledge of this value is essential whenconsidering the

39、 thermal efficiency of equipment for producing either power or heat.5.2 The mass heat of combustion, that is, the heat of combustion per unit mass of fuel, is measured by this procedure. Itsmagnitude is particularly important to weight-limited vehicles such as airplanes, surface effect vehicles, and

40、 hydrofoils as thedistance such craft can travel on a given weight of fuel is a direct function of the fuels mass heat of combustion and its density.5.3 The volumetric heat of combustion, that is, the heat of combustion per unit volume of fuel, can be calculated by multiplyingthe mass heat of combus

41、tion by the density of the fuel (mass per unit volume). The volumetric heat of combustion, rather than themass heat of combustion, is important to volume-limited craft such as automobiles and ships, as it is directly related to the distancetraveled between refuelings.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Room, Bomb,

42、 Calorimeter, Jacket, Thermometers, and Accessories, as described in Annex A1.6.2 Semimicro Analytical Balance, having a sensitivity of 0.01 mg as specified in 10.5.1.6.3 Heavy-Duty Analytical Balance, having a sensitivity of 0.05 g as specified in 10.7.2.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity of Reage

43、ntsReagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that allreagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society, wheresuch specifications are available.6 Other grades may be used, provided

44、 it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently highpurity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determination.7.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, references to water shall be understood to mean reagent water conforming toSpecification D1193, Type IV or bett

45、er.7.3 Benzoic Acid7The acid must be pelleted before use.7.4 Firing Wire0.127 mm (No. 36 gage) platinum wire, No. 34 B bomb calorimeter; heat of combustion; hydrocarbon fuelsANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. APPARATUS FOR HEAT OF COMBUSTION TESTA1.1 Test RoomA1.1.1 The room in which the calorimeter

46、is operated must be free from drafts and not subject to sudden temperature changes.The exact temperature is not important as long as it is in the range from 2323 C to 26C26 C and is held constant. Thetemperature must be constant, not only throughout the day, but from one time of the year to another.

47、 The direct rays of the sunshall not strike the calorimeter jacket, bridge, and galvanometer. Adequate facilities for lighting, heating, and ventilation shouldbe provided. Thermostatic control of room temperature and controlled humidity are desirable.A1.2 Oxygen BombA1.2.1 The oxygen bomb shall meet

48、 the requirements specified in Practice E144 and have an internal volume of 350350 mL 650 mL. 50 mL. All parts shall be constructed of materials that are not affected by the combustion process or products sufficientto introduce measurable heat input or alteration of end products. If the bomb is line

49、d with platinum or gold, all openings shall besealed to prevent combustion products from reaching the base metal. The bomb must be designed so that all liquid combustionproducts can be completely recovered by washing the inner surfaces. There must be no gas leakage during a test. The bomb must12 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting RR:D02-1229. The precision and bias values in this statement weredetermined in a cooperative laboratory program that follows RR:D02-1007. Contact ASTM Customer Ser