ASTM D4814-2008a Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel.pdf

1、Designation: D 4814 08aAn American National StandardStandard Specification forAutomotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea

2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the e

3、stablishment of require-ments of automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped withspark-ignition engines.1.2 This specification describes various characteristics ofautomotive fuels for use over a wide range of operatingconditions. It provides for a variation of the volatility and watertolerance of

4、automotive fuel in accordance with seasonalclimatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. For theperiod May 1 through Sept. 15, the maximum vapor pressurelimits issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) are specified for each geographical area except Alaskaand Hawaii. Variati

5、on of the antiknock index with seasonalclimatic changes and altitude is discussed in Appendix X1.This specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuelsthat are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarilyexcludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certainoperating con

6、ditions or in certain equipment. The significanceof each of the properties of this specification is shown inAppendix X1.1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specifi-cation are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such asalcohols and ethers. This specification does not apply to fue

7、lsthat contain an oxygenate as the primary component, such asFuel Methanol (M85). The concentrations and types of oxy-genates are not specifically limited in this specification. How-ever, depending on oxygenate type, as oxygenate contentincreases above some threshold level, the likelihood for vehicl

8、eproblems also increases. The composition of both unleaded andleaded fuel is limited by economic, legal, and technicalconsideration, but their properties, including volatility, aredefined by this specification. In addition, the composition ofunleaded fuel is subject to the rules, regulations, and Cl

9、ean AirAct waivers of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). With regard to fuel properties, including volatility, thisspecification can be more or less restrictive than the EPA rules,regulations, and waivers. Refer toAppendix X3 for discussionsof EPA rules relating to fuel volatility, lead

10、and phosphorouscontents, deposit control additive certification, and use ofoxygenates in blends with unleaded gasoline. Contact the EPAfor the latest versions of the rules and additional requirements.1.4 This specification does not address the emission char-acteristics of reformulated spark-ignition

11、 engine fuel. Refor-mulated spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas tolower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its character-istics are described in the research report on reformulatedspark-ignition engine fuel.2However, in addition to the legalrequirements found in this research r

12、eport, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirementsfound in this specification.1.5 This specification represents a description of automotivefuel as of the date of publication. The specification is undercontinuous review, which can result in revisions based onchang

13、es in fuel, automotive requirements, or test methods, or acombination thereof. All users of this specification, therefore,should refer to the latest edition.NOTE 1If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of SpecificationD 4814, contact ASTM International Headquarters.1.6 Tests applicable to ga

14、soline are not necessarily appli-cable to its blends with oxygenates. Consequently, the type offuel under consideration must first be identified in order toselect applicable tests. Test Method D 4815 provides a proce-dure for determining oxygenate concentration in mass percent.Test Method D 4815 als

15、o includes procedures for calculatingmass oxygen content and oxygenate concentration in volumepercent. Appendix X4 provides a procedure for calculating themass oxygen content of a fuel using measured oxygenate type,oxygenate concentration in volume percent, and measureddensity or relative density of

16、 the fuel.1.7 The following applies to all specified limits in thisstandard: For purposes of determining conformance with thesespecifications, an observed value or a calculated value shall berounded “to the nearest unit” in the right-most significant digitused in expressing the specification limit,

17、in accordance withthe rounding method of Practice E29. For a specification limitexpressed as an integer, a trailing zero is significant only if the1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD

18、02.A0.01 on Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published August 2008. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D 481408.2Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Researc

19、h Report RR:D02-1347.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.decimal point is specified. For a specified limit expressed as aninteger, and the right-most digit

20、 is non-zero, the right-mostdigit is significant without a decimal point being specified. Thisconvention applies to specified limits in Tables 1, 3, and TableX8.1, and it will not be observed in the remainder of thisspecification.1.8 The values stated in SI units are the standard, exceptwhen other u

21、nits are specified by federal regulation. Valuesgiven in parentheses are provided for information only.NOTE 2Many of the values shown in Table 1 were originallydeveloped using U.S. customary units and were subsequently soft-converted to SI values. As a result, conversion of the SI values willsometim

22、es differ slightly from the U.S. customary values shown becauseof round-off. In some cases, federal regulations specify non-SI units.1.9 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to thetest method portion, Annex A1, of this specification. Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the sa

23、fety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D86 Test Method for Distillation

24、of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD 130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper fromPetroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD 287 Test Method forAPI Gravity of Crude Petroleum andPetroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)D 381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by JetEvaporationD 439 Specific

25、ation for Automotive Gasoline4D 525 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline(Induction Period Method)D 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(Lamp Method)D 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Produc

26、ts by Hydrometer MethodD 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number ofSpark-Ignition Engine FuelD 2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD 2885 Test Method for De

27、termination of Octane Numberof Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels by On-Line Direct Com-parison TechniqueD 3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD 3231 Test Method for Phosphorus in GasolineD 3237 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline

28、by AtomicAbsorption SpectroscopyD 3341 Test Method for Lead in GasolineIodineMonochloride MethodD 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Density MeterD 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petrol

29、eum andPetroleum ProductsD 4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD 4815 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE,TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcohol and C1to C4Alco-hols in Gasoline by Gas ChromatographyD 4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gas

30、oline andGasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)D 5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-RaySpectroscopy3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the stan

31、dards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn.TABLE 1 Vapor Pressure and Distillation Class RequirementsAVapor Pressure/Distillation ClassVaporPressure,Bmax, kPa (psi)Distillation Temperatures, C (F), at % Evaporated. maxCDistillationResidue,volume %,maxDriveability Index,Dmax, C (F)Deri

32、vedE,F10 volume %, max50 volume %90 volume %, max End Point, maxmin maxAA 54(7.8) 70.(158) 77(170.) 121(250.) 190.(374) 225(437) 2 597(1250.)A 62(9.0) 70.(158) 77(170.) 121(250.) 190.(374) 225(437) 2 597(1250.)B 69(10.0) 65(149) 77(170.) 118(245) 190.(374) 225(437) 2 591(1240.)C 79(11.5) 60.(140.) 7

33、7(170.) 116(240.) 185(365) 225(437) 2 586(1230.)D 93(13.5) 55.(131) 66(150.) 113(235) 185(365) 225(437) 2 580.(1220.)E 103(15.0) 50.(122) 66(150.) 110.(230.) 185(365) 225(437) 2 569(1200.)ASee 1.7 for determining conformance with specification limits in this table.BConsult EPA for approved test meth

34、ods for compliance with EPA vapor pressure regulations.CAt 101.3 kPa pressure (760 mm Hg).DDriveability Index (DI) = 1.5 T10+ 3.0 T50+ 1.0 T90+ 1.33C (2.4F) 3 Ethanol Volume %, where T10= distillation temperature, C (F), at 10 % evaporated, T50=distillation temperature, C (F), at 50 % evaporated, T9

35、0= distillation temperature, C (F), at 90 % evaporated, and 1.33 is the coefficient for the volume % ethanol presentwhen the distillation results are determined in degrees Celsius and 2.4 is the coefficient when distillation results are determined in degrees Fahrenheit.EThe DI specification limits a

36、re applicable at the refinery or import facility as defined by 40 CFR Part 80.2 and are not subject to correction for precision of the testmethod.FSince DI is an index and has no units, the standard temperature conversion from U.S. customary to SI units is not appropriate. The following equation is

37、to be usedto make the conversion: DIC5 DIF 176!/1.8D 4814 08a2D 5188 Test Method for Vapor-Liquid Ratio TemperatureDetermination of Fuels (Evacuated Chamber Method)D 5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Automatic Method)D 5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-u

38、cts (Mini Method)D 5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD 5482 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini MethodAtmospheric)D 5500 Test Method for Vehicle Eva

39、luation of UnleadedAutomotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake ValveDeposit FormationD 5598 Test Method for Evaluating Unleaded AutomotiveSpark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Electronic Port Fuel Injec-tor FoulingD 5599 Test Method for Determination of Oxygenates inGasoline by Gas Chromatography and

40、Oxygen SelectiveFlame Ionization DetectionD 5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels forVolatility MeasurementD 5845 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE,TAME, DIPE, Methanol, Ethanol and tert-Butanol inGasoline by Infrared SpectroscopyD 5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid

41、Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD 6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels andFuel SystemsD 6920 Test Method for Total Sulfur in Naphthas, Distil-lates, Reformulated Gasolines, Diesels, Biodiesels, andMotor Fuels by Oxidative Combustion and Electrochemi-cal DetectionD 7039 Test Met

42、hod for Sulfur in Gasoline and Diesel Fuelby Monochromatic Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluores-cence SpectrometryE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications2.2 Government Standard:CFR 40 Code of Federal Regulations52.3 Other Standard:CCR Title 1

43、7, 60100-60114 California Code of Regula-tions63. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 antiknock index, nthe arithmetic average of theResearch octane number (RON) and Motor octane number(MON), that is, (RON + MON)/2.3.1.2 gasoline, na volatile mixture of liquid hydrocar-bons, generally containing small

44、amounts of additives, suitablefor use as a fuel in spark-ignition, internal combustion engines.3.1.3 gasoline-alcohol blend, na fuel consisting primarilyof gasoline along with a substantial amount (more than 0.35mass % oxygen, or more than 0.15 mass % oxygen if methanolis the only oxygenate) of one

45、or more alcohols.3.1.4 gasoline-ether blend, na fuel consisting primarily ofgasoline along with a substantial amount (more than 0.35 mass% oxygen) of one or more ethers.3.1.5 gasoline-oxygenate blend, na fuel consisting prima-rily of gasoline along with a substantial amount (more than0.35 mass % oxy

46、gen, or more than 0.15 mass % oxygen ifmethanol is the only oxygenate) of one or more oxygenates.3.1.6 oxygenate, nan oxygen-containing, ashless, organiccompound, such as an alcohol or ether, which can be used as afuel or fuel supplement.3.1.7 refinery, na plant at which gasoline or diesel fuel ispr

47、oduced.3.1.7.1 DiscussionThis definition is from CFR 40 Part80.2. In the federal definition, a plant not only covers theconventional refinery, but also covers oxygenate blending andother facilities where gasoline is produced.3.2 ApplicabilityTo determine when a fuel contains asubstantial amount of a

48、n oxygenate, a gasoline-oxygenateblend is defined as a fuel that contains more than 0.35 mass %oxygen, or more than 0.15 mass % oxygen if methanol is theonly oxygenate. The definitions in this section do not apply tofuels that contain an oxygenate as the primary component; forexample, fuel methanol

49、(M85).NOTE 3The criteria in 3.2 were selected with consideration given tocurrent oxygenate levels in the marketplace, state labeling practices, andconsistency with federal legislation and regulations.NOTE 4Refer to Test Method D 4815 to calculate the mass oxygencontent of a fuel using oxygenate concentration in mass %. Refer toAppendix X4 to calculate mass oxygen content of a fuel using oxygenateconcentration in volume %.4. Ordering Information4.1 The purchasing agency shall:4.1.1 State the antiknock index as agreed upon with theseller,4.1.2 Indicate