ASTM D4814-2009a Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel.pdf

1、Designation: D 4814 09aStandard Specification forAutomotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number

2、in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the establishment of require-ments

3、 of automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped withspark-ignition engines.1.2 This specification describes various characteristics ofautomotive fuels for use over a wide range of operatingconditions. It provides for a variation of the volatility and watertolerance of automotive fuel in accordance

4、 with seasonalclimatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. For theperiod May 1 through Sept. 15, the maximum vapor pressurelimits issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) are specified for each geographical area except Alaskaand Hawaii. Variation of the antiknock index wit

5、h seasonalclimatic changes and altitude is discussed in Appendix X1.This specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuelsthat are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarilyexcludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certainoperating conditions or in certain equipme

6、nt. The significanceof each of the properties of this specification is shown inAppendix X1.1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specifi-cation are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such asalcohols and ethers. This specification does not apply to fuelsthat contain an oxygenate a

7、s the primary component, such asFuel Methanol (M85). The concentrations and types of oxy-genates are not specifically limited in this specification. How-ever, depending on oxygenate type, as oxygenate contentincreases above some threshold level, the likelihood for vehicleproblems also increases. The

8、 composition of both unleaded andleaded fuel is limited by economic, legal, and technicalconsideration, but their properties, including volatility, aredefined by this specification. In addition, the composition ofunleaded fuel is subject to the rules, regulations, and Clean AirAct waivers of the U.S

9、. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). With regard to fuel properties, including volatility, thisspecification can be more or less restrictive than the EPA rules,regulations, and waivers. Refer toAppendix X3 for discussionsof EPA rules relating to fuel volatility, lead and phosphorouscontents, depo

10、sit control additive certification, and use ofoxygenates in blends with unleaded gasoline. Contact the EPAfor the latest versions of the rules and additional requirements.1.4 This specification does not address the emission char-acteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Refor-mulated s

11、park-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas tolower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its character-istics are described in the research report on reformulatedspark-ignition engine fuel.2However, in addition to the legalrequirements found in this research report, reformulated spark-ign

12、ition engine fuel should meet the performance requirementsfound in this specification.1.5 This specification represents a description of automotivefuel as of the date of publication. The specification is undercontinuous review, which can result in revisions based onchanges in fuel, automotive requir

13、ements, or test methods, or acombination thereof. All users of this specification, therefore,should refer to the latest edition.NOTE 1If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of SpecificationD 4814, contact ASTM International Headquarters.1.6 Tests applicable to gasoline are not necessarily ap

14、pli-cable to its blends with oxygenates. Consequently, the type offuel under consideration must first be identified in order toselect applicable tests. Test Method D 4815 provides a proce-dure for determining oxygenate concentration in mass percent.Test Method D 4815 also includes procedures for cal

15、culatingmass oxygen content and oxygenate concentration in volumepercent. Appendix X4 provides a procedure for calculating themass oxygen content of a fuel using measured oxygenate type,oxygenate concentration in volume percent, and measureddensity or relative density of the fuel.1.7 The following a

16、pplies to all specified limits in thisstandard: For purposes of determining conformance with thesespecifications, an observed value or a calculated value shall berounded “to the nearest unit” in the right-most significant digitused in expressing the specification limit, in accordance withthe roundin

17、g method of Practice E29. For a specification limitexpressed as an integer, a trailing zero is significant only if the1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.A0.01 on Gasoline and Gaso

18、line-Oxygenate Blends.Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D 481409.2Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D02-1347.1*A Sum

19、mary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.decimal point is specified. For a specified limit expressed as aninteger, and the right-most digit is non-zero, the right-most

20、digit is significant without a decimal point being specified. Thisconvention applies to specified limits in Tables 1, 3, and TableX8.1, and it will not be observed in the remainder of thisspecification.1.8 The values stated in SI units are the standard, exceptwhen other units are specified by federa

21、l regulation. Valuesgiven in parentheses are provided for information only.NOTE 2Many of the values shown in Table 1 were originallydeveloped using U.S. customary units and were subsequently soft-converted to SI values. As a result, conversion of the SI values willsometimes differ slightly from the

22、U.S. customary values shown becauseof round-off. In some cases, federal regulations specify non-SI units.1.9 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to thetest method portion, Annex A1, of this specification. Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associ

23、ated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmo

24、spheric PressureD 130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper fromPetroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD 287 Test Method forAPI Gravity of Crude Petroleum andPetroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)D 381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by JetEvaporationD 439 Specification for Automotive Gasolin

25、e4D 525 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline(Induction Period Method)D 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(Lamp Method)D 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD 262

26、2 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number ofSpark-Ignition Engine FuelD 2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD 2885 Test Method for Determination of Octane Number

27、of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels by On-Line Direct Com-parison TechniqueD 3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD 3231 Test Method for Phosphorus in GasolineD 3237 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by AtomicAbsorption Spectros

28、copyD 3341 Test Method for Lead in GasolineIodineMonochloride MethodD 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Density MeterD 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcont

29、act ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.TABLE 1 Vapor Pressure and Distillation Cl

30、ass RequirementsAVapor Pressure/Distillation ClassVaporPressure,Bmax, kPa (psi)Distillation Temperatures, C (F), at % Evaporated. maxCDistillationResidue,volume %,maxDriveability Index,Dmax, C (F)DerivedE,F10 volume %, max50 volume %90 volume %, max End Point, maxminGmaxAA 54(7.8) 70.(158) 77(170.)

31、121(250.) 190.(374) 225(437) 2 597(1250.)A 62(9.0) 70.(158) 77(170.) 121(250.) 190.(374) 225(437) 2 597(1250.)B 69(10.0) 65(149) 77(170.) 118(245) 190.(374) 225(437) 2 591(1240.)C 79(11.5) 60.(140.) 77(170.) 116(240.) 185(365) 225(437) 2 586(1230.)D 93(13.5) 55(131) 77(170.)H113(235) 185(365) 225(43

32、7) 2 580.(1220.)E 103(15.0) 50.(122) 77(170.)H110.(230.) 185(365) 225(437) 2 569(1200.)ASee 1.7 for determining conformance with specification limits in this table. When using this table to determine the conformance of gasoline volatility, the reader isadvised to review other possible requirements (

33、for example, EPA Substantially Similar rule, California Air Resources Board (CARB), Clean Burning Gasoline (CBG), otherstate or local and pipeline specifications).BConsult EPA for approved test methods for compliance with EPA vapor pressure regulations.CAt 101.3 kPa pressure (760 mm Hg).DDriveabilit

34、y Index (DI) = 1.5 T10+ 3.0 T50+ 1.0 T90+ 1.33C (2.4F) 3 Ethanol Volume %, where T10= distillation temperature, C (F), at 10 % evaporated, T50=distillation temperature, C (F), at 50 % evaporated, T90= distillation temperature, C (F), at 90 % evaporated, and 1.33 is the coefficient for the volume % e

35、thanol presentwhen the distillation results are determined in degrees Celsius and 2.4 is the coefficient when distillation results are determined in degrees Fahrenheit.EThe DI specification limits are applicable at the refinery or import facility as defined by 40 CFR Part 80.2 and are not subject to

36、 correction for precision of the testmethod.FSince DI is an index and has no units, the standard temperature conversion from U.S. customary to SI units is not appropriate. The following equation is to be usedto make the conversion: DIC5 DIF 176!/1.8GGasolines that may be blended with 1 to 10 volume

37、percent ethanol or all other gasolines whose disposition with ethanol blending is not known shall meet a minimum50 % evaporated distillation temperature of 77C (170.F) prior to blending with ethanol. Gasolines that contain 1 to 10 volume percent ethanol shall meet a minimum 50 %evaporated distillati

38、on temperature of 66C (150.F) after blending.HGasolines known from the origin to retail that will not be blended with ethanol may meet a minimum 50 % evaporated distillation temperature of 66C (150.F) forvolatility classes D and E only. Gasolines meeting these limits are not suitable for blending wi

39、th ethanol.D 4814 09a2D 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD 4815 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE,TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcohol and C1to C4Alco-hols in Gaso

40、line by Gas ChromatographyD 4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline andGasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)D 5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-RaySpectroscopyD 5188 Test Method for Vapor-Liquid Ratio TemperatureDetermination of Fuels (Evacuated Chamber Method)D 5190 Test Method f

41、or Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Automatic Method)D 5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini Method)D 5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD 5

42、482 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini MethodAtmospheric)D 5500 Test Method for Vehicle Evaluation of UnleadedAutomotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake ValveDeposit FormationD 5598 Test Method for Evaluating Unleaded AutomotiveSpark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Electronic

43、 Port Fuel Injec-tor FoulingD 5599 Test Method for Determination of Oxygenates inGasoline by Gas Chromatography and Oxygen SelectiveFlame Ionization DetectionD 5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels forVolatility MeasurementD 5845 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE,TAME, DIPE, Met

44、hanol, Ethanol and tert-Butanol inGasoline by Infrared SpectroscopyD 5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of LiquidSamples of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD 6378 Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure(VPX) of Petroleum Products, Hydrocarbons, andHydrocarbon-Oxygenate Mixtures (Triple Ex

45、pansionMethod)D 6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels andFuel SystemsD 6920 Test Method for Total Sulfur in Naphthas, Distil-lates, Reformulated Gasolines, Diesels, Biodiesels, andMotor Fuels by Oxidative Combustion and Electrochemi-cal DetectionD 7039 Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline an

46、d Diesel Fuelby Monochromatic Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluores-cence SpectrometryE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications2.2 Government Standard:CFR 40 Code of Federal Regulations52.3 Other Standard:CCR Title 17, 60100-60114 California Cod

47、e of Regula-tions63. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 antiknock index, nthe arithmetic average of theResearch octane number (RON) and Motor octane number(MON), that is, (RON + MON)/2.3.1.2 gasoline, na volatile mixture of liquid hydrocar-bons, generally containing small amounts of additives, suitabl

48、efor use as a fuel in spark-ignition, internal combustion engines.3.1.3 gasoline-alcohol blend, na fuel consisting primarilyof gasoline along with a substantial amount (more than 0.35mass % oxygen, or more than 0.15 mass % oxygen if methanolis the only oxygenate) of one or more alcohols.3.1.4 gasoli

49、ne-ether blend, na fuel consisting primarily ofgasoline along with a substantial amount (more than 0.35 mass% oxygen) of one or more ethers.3.1.5 gasoline-oxygenate blend, na fuel consisting prima-rily of gasoline along with a substantial amount (more than0.35 mass % oxygen, or more than 0.15 mass % oxygen ifmethanol is the only oxygenate) of one or more oxygenates.3.1.6 oxygenate, nan oxygen-containing, ashless, organiccompound, such as an alcohol or ether, which can be used as afuel or fuel supplement.3.1.7 refinery, na plant at which gasoline or