ASTM D4814-2016a Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel《汽车火花点火式发动机燃料的标准规格》.pdf

1、Designation: D4814 16aStandard Specification forAutomotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in

2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the establishment of require-me

3、nts of liquid automotive fuels for ground vehicles equippedwith spark-ignition engines.1.2 This specification describes various characteristics ofautomotive fuels for use over a wide range of operatingconditions. It provides for a variation of the volatility and watertolerance of automotive fuel in

4、accordance with seasonalclimatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. For theperiod May 1 through Sept. 15, the maximum vapor pressurelimits issued by the United States (U.S.) Environmental Pro-tection Agency (EPA) are specified for each geographical areaexcept Alaska and Hawaii. Variatio

5、n of the antiknock indexwith seasonal climatic changes and altitude is discussed inAppendix X1. This specification neither necessarily includesall types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles,nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorilyunder certain operating cond

6、itions or in certain equipment. Thesignificance of each of the properties of this specification isshown in Appendix X1.1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specifi-cation are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such asalcohols and ethers. This specification does not apply to fuel

7、sthat contain an oxygenate as the primary component, such asFuel Methanol (M85). The concentrations and types of oxy-genates are not specifically limited in this specification.However, depending on oxygenate type, as oxygenate contentincreases above some threshold level, the likelihood for vehiclepr

8、oblems also increases. The composition of both unleaded andleaded fuel is limited by economic, legal, and technicalconsideration, but their properties, including volatility, aredefined by this specification. In addition, the composition ofunleaded fuel is subject to the rules, regulations, and Clean

9、 AirAct waivers of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). With regard to fuel properties, including volatility, thisspecification can be more or less restrictive than the EPA rules,regulations, and waivers. Refer to Appendix X3 for discussionsof EPA rules relating to fuel volatility, lead an

10、d phosphorouscontents, deposit control additive certification, and use ofoxygenates in blends with unleaded gasoline. Contact the EPAfor the latest versions of the rules and additional requirements.1.4 This specification does not address the emission char-acteristics of reformulated spark-ignition e

11、ngine fuel. Refor-mulated spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas tolower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its character-istics are described in the research report on reformulatedspark-ignition engine fuel.2However, in addition to the legalrequirements found in this research rep

12、ort, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirementsfound in this specification.1.5 This specification represents a description of automotivefuel as of the date of publication. The specification is undercontinuous review, which can result in revisions based onchanges

13、 in fuel, automotive requirements, or test methods, or acombination thereof. All users of this specification, therefore,should refer to the latest edition.NOTE 1If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of SpecificationD4814, contact ASTM International Headquarters.1.6 Tests applicable to gasol

14、ine are not necessarily appli-cable to its blends with oxygenates. Consequently, the type offuel under consideration must first be identified in order toselect applicable tests. Test Method D4815 provides a proce-dure for determining oxygenate concentration in mass percent.Test Method D4815 also inc

15、ludes procedures for calculatingmass oxygen content and oxygenate concentration in volumepercent. Appendix X4 provides a procedure for calculating themass oxygen content of a fuel using measured oxygenate type,oxygenate concentration in volume percent, and measureddensity or relative density of the

16、fuel.1.7 The following applies to all specified limits in thisstandard: For purposes of determining conformance with thesespecifications, an observed value or a calculated value shall berounded “to the nearest unit” in the right-most significant digit1This specification is under the jurisdiction of

17、ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.A0.01 on Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2016. Published February 2016. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2016

18、 as D4814 16. DOI:10.1520/D4814-16A.2Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1347.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West

19、 Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1used in expressing the specification limit, in accordance withthe rounding method of Practice E29. For a specification limitexpressed as an integer, a trailing zero is significant only if thedecimal point is specified. For a specified limit expressed as an

20、integer, and the right-most digit is non-zero, the right-mostdigit is significant without a decimal point being specified. Thisconvention applies to specified limits in Tables 1, 3, and X8.1,and it will not be observed in the remainder of this specifica-tion.1.8 The values stated in SI units are the

21、 standard, exceptwhen other units are specified by U.S. federal regulation.Values given in parentheses are provided for information only.NOTE 2Many of the values shown in Table 1 were originallydeveloped using U.S. customary units and were subsequently soft-converted to SI values. As a result, conve

22、rsion of the SI values willsometimes differ slightly from the U.S. customary values shown becauseof round-off. In some cases, U.S. federal regulations specify non-SI units.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibilit

23、y of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products andLiquid Fuels at Atmospheric PressureD130 T

24、est Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip TestD287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum andPetroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-rationD439 Specification for Automotive Gasoline (Withdrawn1990)4D52

25、5 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline (In-duction Period Method)D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (LampMethod)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD2622 Test Method for Sulfur

26、 in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD2885 Test Method for Determination of Octane Number ofSpark-Ignition Engine

27、Fuels by On-Line Direct Compari-son TechniqueD3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD3231 Test Method for Phosphorus in Gasoline3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer S

28、ervice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.TABLE 1 Vapor Pressure and Distillation Class RequirementsAVapor Pressur

29、e/Distillation ClassASTM Test MethodAA A B C D EVapor Pressure,Bat 37.8 C (100 F) max, kPa (psi) 54 (7.8) 62 (9.0) 69 (10.0) 79 (11.5) 93 (13.5) 103 (15.0) D4953, D5191,D5482,orD6378Distillation Temperatures, C (F), at % EvaporatedCD8610 volume %, max 70. (158) 70. (158) 65 (149) 60. (140.) 55 (131)

30、 50. (122)50 volume %minD77 (170.) 77 (170.) 77 (170.) 77 (170.) 77 (170.)E77 (170.)Emax 121 (250.) 121 (250.) 118 (245) 116 (240.) 113 (235) 110. (230.)90 volume %, max 190. (374) 190. (374) 190. (374) 185 (365) 185 (365) 185 (365)End Point, max 225 (437) 225 (437) 225 (437) 225 (437) 225 (437) 225

31、 (437)Distillation Residue, volume %, max 2 2 2 2 2 2 D86Driveability Index,Fmax, C (F) 597 (1250.) 597 (1250.) 591 (1240.) 586 (1230.) 580. (1220.) 569 (1200.) DerivedG,HASee 1.7 for determining conformance with specification limits in this table. When using this table to determine the conformance

32、of gasoline volatility, the reader is advisedto review other applicable national, state, provincial, or local requirements. (For example, in the U.S. these may include the EPA Substantially Similar rule, California AirResources Board (CARB), Clean Burning Gasoline (CBG), other state or local and pip

33、eline specifications). See Appendix X3 for a summary of applicable U.S. EPAregulations for spark-ignition engine fuels.BConsult EPA for approved test methods for compliance with EPA vapor pressure regulations.CAt 101.3 kPa pressure (760 mm Hg).DGasolines that may be blended with 1 to 10 volume perce

34、nt ethanol or all other gasolines whose disposition with ethanol blending is not known shall meet a minimum50 % evaporated distillation temperature of 77 C (170. F) prior to blending with ethanol. Gasoline-ethanol blends that contain 1 to 10 volume percent ethanol shall meeta minimum 50 % evaporated

35、 distillation temperature of 66 C (150. F) after blending.EGasolines known from the origin to retail that will not be blended with ethanol may meet a minimum 50 % evaporated distillation temperature of 66 C (150. F) for volatilityclasses D and E only. Gasolines meeting these limits are not suitable

36、for blending with ethanol.FDriveability Index (DI) = 1.5 T10+ 3.0 T50+ 1.0 T90+ 1.33 C (2.4 F) Ethanol Volume %, where T10= distillation temperature, C (F), at 10 % evaporated, T50=distillation temperature, C (F), at 50 % evaporated, T90= distillation temperature, C (F), at 90 % evaporated, and 1.33

37、 is the coefficient for the volume % ethanol presentwhen the distillation results are determined in degrees Celsius and 2.4 is the coefficient when distillation results are determined in degrees Fahrenheit.GThe DI specification limits are applicable at the refinery or import facility as defined by 4

38、0 CFR Part 80.2 and are not subject to correction for precision of the test method.HSince DI is an index and has no units, the standard temperature conversion from U.S. customary to SI units is not appropriate. The following equation is to be used tomake the conversion: DIC5sDIF2176d/1.8D4814 16a2D3

39、237 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline byAtomicAbsorp-tion SpectroscopyD3341 Test Method for Lead in GasolineIodine Mono-chloride MethodD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Produc

40、tsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsD4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contami-nation in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sa

41、mple Containers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4806 Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blend-ing with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-IgnitionEngine FuelD4815 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE,TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcohol and C1to C4Alco-hols in Gasoline by G

42、as ChromatographyD4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline andGasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)D5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spec-troscopyD5188 Test Method for Vapor-Liquid Ratio TemperatureDetermination of Fuels (Evacuated Chamber and PistonBased Method)D5191 Test Met

43、hod for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini Method)D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5482 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini MethodAtmosp

44、heric)D5500 Test Method for Vehicle Evaluation of UnleadedAutomotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake ValveDeposit FormationD5598 Test Method for Evaluating Unleaded AutomotiveSpark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Electronic Port Fuel Injec-tor FoulingD5599 Test Method for Determination of Oxygenates

45、inGasoline by Gas Chromatography and Oxygen SelectiveFlame Ionization DetectionD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels forVolatility MeasurementD5845 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE,TAME, DIPE, Methanol, Ethanol and tert-Butanol inGasoline by Infrared SpectroscopyD5854 Practice

46、 for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD6378 Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure(VPX) of Petroleum Products, Hydrocarbons, andHydrocarbon-Oxygenate Mixtures (Triple ExpansionMethod)D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and FuelSystemsD6920

47、 Test Method for Total Sulfur in Naphthas, Distillates,Reformulated Gasolines, Diesels, Biodiesels, and MotorFuels by Oxidative Combustion and Electrochemical De-tectionD7039 Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, JetFuel, Kerosine, Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends, andGasoline-Ethanol Blends b

48、y Monochromatic WavelengthDispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD7220 Test Method for Sulfur in Automotive, Heating, andJet Fuels by Monochromatic Energy Dispersive X-rayFluorescence SpectrometryD7667 Test Method for Determination of Corrosiveness toSilver by Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fue

49、lThinSilver Strip MethodD7671 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Silver by Automo-tive SparkIgnition Engine FuelSilver Strip MethodD7757 Test Method for Silicon in Gasoline and RelatedProducts by Monochromatic Wavelength DispersiveX-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications2.2 Government Regulations:CFR 40 Code of Federal Regulations5CCR Title 17, 60100-60114 California Code of Regula-tions62.3 Other Documents:API Recommended Practice 1640 Product Quality in LightProd