1、Designation: D 4828 94 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Test Methods forPractical Washability of Organic Coatings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4828; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the determination of therelative ease of removal of common soil and stains frominterior coatings
3、by manual or mechanical washing with asponge and a liquid or powder cleanser.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with i
4、ts use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 3450 Test Method for Washabili
5、ty Properties of InteriorArchitectural CoatingsD 3924 Specification for Environment for Conditioning andTesting Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials3. Summary of Test Method3.1 The test material is applied to a plastic panel andallowed to dry for 7 days or as mutually agreed. Soilants orst
6、ains, or both, are applied to the film. The film is washed forup to 100 cycles using a sponge and a liquid or powdercleanser.After rinsing and drying, the panel is evaluated for thedegree of soil or stain removal, erosion, and any change ingloss/sheen or color between the washed and unwashed area.4.
7、 Significance and Use4.1 Interior architectural paints are subjected in use tosoiling by dirt or other stains. This test method provides a wayto assess relative ease of soil or stain removal from a paint filmusing materials common to households. This test methodincludes a way to evaluate the film fo
8、r washability propertiesand changes in appearance. Thus, a formulator may evaluatethe effects of composition on the washability properties of apaint. Users may also compare the ease of soil removal fromdifferent paints that are tested, preferably at the same time.5. Apparatus5.1 Sponge and Holder.5.
9、2 Soil and Stain Applicator (see Fig. 1).5.3 Weight, 100 g.5.4 Balance, weighing accurately to 0.1 g.5.5 Doctor or Bird Film Applicator, having a 0.18-mm(7-mil) clearance by 150-mm (6-in.) film width.5.6 Glass Plate, 455 by 165 mm by 6.3 mm (1712 by 612 by14 in.).5.7 Washability Machine.5.8 Black Pl
10、astic Panels.5.9 Masking Tape.5.10 Straightedge, approximately 430 mm (17 in.) in length.5.11 Cotton Tipped Swabs.5.12 Medicine Droppers.5.13 Suction Plate, for drawdowns.6. Reagents and Materials6.1 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be understood to mean reagent wa
11、ter as definedby Type IV of Specification D 1193.6.2 Soil and Staining MediumExamples found acceptablefor use with this test method include, but are not limited topencil, crayon, mercurochrome, ball-point pen, waterbornefelt-tip markers, lipstick and mineral-oil-borne soilant as out-lined in Test Me
12、thod D 3450.6.3 Cleaning MediaExamples found acceptable for usewith this test method include, but are not limited to, commer-cial liquid cleansers, laboratory-standardized liquid cleaners asoutlined in Test Method D 3450, and powder cleansers. Powdercleansers containing chlorine may affect the color
13、 of thewashed portion of the test panel.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 onPaint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the directresponsibility of Subcommittee D01.42 on Architectural Coatings.Current edition approved June 1, 2008. Published Ju
14、ne 2008. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 4828 94 (2003)1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Docum
15、ent Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.7. Preparation of Apparatus7.1 Washability MachineLevel the apparatus before useand operate at 37 6 1 cpm. (A cycle consists of a completeforward and
16、 reverse stroke.)7.2 Sponge and HolderAdd sufficient weight to the holderin the form of metal sheets or other flat weights to give acombined weight of 1000 g, including the dry sponge.NOTE 1Check the compression of the damp sponge under the 1000-gweight to ensure that the holder does not drag along
17、the panel and tear thefilm.8. Procedure8.1 Clean the top of the glass plate and both sides of theblack plastic panel to be sure they are free of specks. Place theblack panel on the glass plate and tape one end to the plate.Smooth the panel along the plate to ensure a close fit.8.2 Stir the material
18、thoroughly and strain, if necessary, toremove all skins and particles. Draw down the coating on thepanel. Apply the coating in 3 to 4 s from end to end to preventpin holes or holidays in the film. Prepare enough panels witheach paint for all the projected tests. Air dry all panels in ahorizontal pos
19、ition for 7 days in a room maintained at 23 62C (73 6 3.5F) and 50 6 5 % relative humidity as describedin Specification D 3924, or under conditions specifically ap-plicable to the material under test.NOTE 2If desired, an extra panel of each paint may be prepared toserve as its unwashed control.8.3 A
20、pplication of Soilants and Stains:8.3.1 At the completion of the drying period, tape the coatedpanel to the glass plate, as directed in 8.1, to ensure uniformapplication of the soilants and stains. Apply the selectedsoilants or stains, or both, to the coating film in straight pairsof lines parallel
21、to the length of the panel for the manualmethod of cleaning, or perpendicular to the length of the panelfor the mechanical method of cleaning.8.3.2 Apply solid soilants or stains using the apparatusshown in Fig. 1. Insert pencil, crayon, pen, or similar items intothe appropriately sized hole and sec
22、ure its position so it extends40 mm (112 in.) beyond the panel (see Fig. 1(a). Secure themedium in position with a piece of masking tape (see Fig.1(b). Put the applicator at one end of the coated plastic paneland place the 100-g weight on the top face of the wooden panelat the end nearest to the mar
23、king device, as shown in Fig. 1(b),securing it with a piece of tape. Allow the nonweighted end ofthe applicator to rest on the surface of the film, then hold it bythe outer edges and pull it along the entire length of the film(see Fig. 1(c).NOTE 3Some soils and stains are prone to smearing. It is ad
24、visable toapply them last to the film and protect the first lines with materials suchas wax paper or onionskin paper when applying the second and subse-quent lines.8.3.3 Apply liquid stains using hand-held cotton-tippedswabs. Immerse one end of a cotton-tipped swab in anappropriate liquid and allow
25、to remain totally immersed untilFIG. 1 Solid Soil and Stain ApplicationD 4828 94 (2008)2the cotton tip is saturated (approximately 10 to 15 s). Removethe tip from the liquid and apply the first of two parallel linesto the paint film using the straightedge to assist in drawing thelines. Adjustment of
26、 pressure on the cotton tip may be requiredto provide a line of uniform intensity. Reimmerse the cotton tipin the liquid and then draw the second line. Repeat with a cleancotton tip for each liquid being used. Permit the soilants andstains to dry at least 1 h under the same temperature andhumidity c
27、onditions as in 8.2.8.4 Washing with a Liquid Cleanser:8.4.1 Soak the sponge in tap water at ambient temperatureuntil saturated. Remove the sponge and squeeze with one handuntil no more water drips from the sponge. Replace the spongein the holder and pour 15 6 1 mL of water on the exposed faceof the
28、 sponge.8.4.2 Measure and deliver to the exposed face of the sponge5 mL of the liquid cleaning medium. Apply 2 mL of liquidcleaning medium in parallel bands to each soilant and stainline.8.5 Washing with a Powder Cleanser:8.5.1 Use a separate sponge prepared in accordance with8.4.1. (Alternatively,
29、thoroughly wash the sponge used until alltraces of the liquid cleanser are removed and repeat 8.4.1.)8.5.2 Weigh2gofthepowder cleanser and deliver to theexposed face of the sponge. Use a spatula to spread thecleanser until it appears to be wetted by the moisture left in thesponge. Apply 5 mL of wate
30、r in parallel bands to each soilantand stain line.8.6 Manual Method:8.6.1 Place the sponge and holder at one end of the panel sothat its long axis is perpendicular to the length of the panel (seeFig. 2). Rub the sponge across the panel over the soil or stainlines, exerting minimum downward pressure.
31、 Continue rub-bing until all the soils or stains are removed or to a maximumof 100 cycles. If all the soils or stains are removed prior to 100cycles, stop and record the number of cycles before proceedingto 8.8.8.7 Mechanical Method:8.7.1 Place the sponge and holder at one end of the panel sothat it
32、s long axis is parallel to the length of the panel (see Fig.2). Attach to the cable of the washability machine. Allow thesponge to travel a maximum of 100 cycles. If all the soils orstains are removed prior to 100 cycles, stop and record thenumber of cycles before proceeding to 8.8.8.8 Remove the te
33、st panel and evaluate the condition ofeach soil or stain in the path of the sponge and rate as follows:0No change from original intensity (depth) of soil or stain,3Slight change from original, but readily visible,5Moderate change from original, slightly visible,7Large change from original, barely vi
34、sible, and10All soil and stain removed.If a difference exists between a pair of lines, report the lowerrating of the pair. When a soil or stain is removed prior to 100cycles, assign a rating of 10 and note the number of cycles inwhich each soilant or stain was removed.8.9 Rinse the panel with runnin
35、g tap water and remove anyclinging particles of cleaning medium by gently moving thepalm of the hand over the path the sponge followed during thewashing cycle. Blot the panel and allow to dry. Rate thewashed area relative to the unwashed areas for gloss or colorchange and erosion as given below:Glos
36、s Change Color Change ErosionNNone NNone NNoneIIncrease SDSlightly darker SSlightIILarge increase CDConsiderably darker MModerateDDecrease SLSlightly lighterDDLarge decrease CLConsiderably lighter9. Report9.1 Report the following information:9.1.1 Types of soilant, stain, washing media, the washingm
37、ethod used, and the results obtained in 8.8 and 8.9,9.1.2 Any soils or stains that were removed in less than 100cycles, and9.1.3 Any deviation from the recommended procedure.10. Precision and Bias310.1 Precision:10.1.1 Mechanical ProcedureIn an interlaboratory studyof this test method, operators in
38、each of four laboratoriesapplied three types of markings to two panels of each of threecoatings covering a wide range of PVCs and evaluated theremovability using an abrasive cleaner. The intralaboratorystandard deviation was found to be 5.1 cycles with 13 df andthe interlaboratory standard deviation
39、 is 10.5 cycles with 19 df.Based upon these standard deviations, the following criteriashould be used for judging, at the 95 % confidence level, theacceptability of results:10.1.1.1 RepeatabilityTwo results obtained by the sameoperator on different panels should be considered suspect ifthey differ b
40、y more than 15.5 cycles.10.1.1.2 ReproducibilityTwo results, each the mean oftests on two panels, obtained by operators in different labora-tories should be considered suspect if they differ by more than28.5 cycles.10.2 BiasThis procedure has no bias because the value isdefined only in terms of this
41、 test method.11. Keywords11.1 cleansability; soil/dirt resistance; stain resistance;washability; wet abrasion resistance3Supporting data available fromASTM International Headquarters. Request RR:D01 1052.D 4828 94 (2008)3ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent righ
42、ts asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any
43、time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments wil
44、l receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by AST
45、M International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).FIG. 2 Panel Layout and Brush Holder DiagramD 4828 94 (2008)4
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