1、Designation: D4828 94 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Test Methods forPractical Washability of Organic Coatings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4828; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the determination of therelative ease of removal of common soil and stains frominterior coatings by
3、 manual or mechanical washing with asponge and a liquid or powder cleanser.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its
4、 use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD3450 Test Method for Washability P
5、roperties of InteriorArchitectural CoatingsD3924 Specification for Environment for Conditioning andTesting Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials(Withdrawn 2016)33. Summary of Test Method3.1 The test material is applied to a plastic panel andallowed to dry for 7 days or as mutually agreed. S
6、oilants orstains, or both, are applied to the film. The film is washed forup to 100 cycles using a sponge and a liquid or powdercleanser.After rinsing and drying, the panel is evaluated for thedegree of soil or stain removal, erosion, and any change ingloss/sheen or color between the washed and unwa
7、shed area.4. Significance and Use4.1 Interior architectural paints are subjected in use tosoiling by dirt or other stains. This test method provides a wayto assess relative ease of soil or stain removal from a paint filmusing materials common to households. This test methodincludes a way to evaluate
8、 the film for washability propertiesand changes in appearance. Thus, a formulator may evaluatethe effects of composition on the washability properties of apaint. Users may also compare the ease of soil removal fromdifferent paints that are tested, preferably at the same time.5. Apparatus5.1 Sponge a
9、nd Holder.5.2 Soil and Stain Applicator (see Fig. 1).5.3 Weight, 100 g.5.4 Balance, weighing accurately to 0.1 g.5.5 Wet Film Applicator, capable of applying a wet film of0.9 mm (3.5 mil) thick by 150 mm (6 in.) film width.5.6 Glass Plate, 455 by 165 mm by 6.3 mm (1712 by 612 by14 in.).5.7 Washabili
10、ty Machine.5.8 Black Plastic Panels.5.9 Masking Tape.5.10 Straightedge, approximately 430 mm (17 in.) in length.5.11 Cotton Tipped Swabs.5.12 Medicine Droppers.5.13 Suction Plate, for drawdowns.6. Reagents and Materials6.1 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be unders
11、tood to mean reagent water as definedby Type IV of Specification D1193.6.2 Soil and Staining MediumExamples found acceptablefor use with this test method include, but are not limited topencil, crayon, mercurochrome, ball-point pen, waterbornefelt-tip markers, lipstick and mineral-oil-borne soilant a
12、s out-lined in Test Method D3450.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 onPaint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the directresponsibility of Subcommittee D01.42 on Architectural Coatings.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016. Published December
13、2016. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D4828 94 (2012)1.DOI: 10.1520/D4828-94R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer t
14、o the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in a
15、ccordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.16.3 Cleaning MediaExamples f
16、ound acceptable for usewith this test method include, but are not limited to, commer-cial liquid cleansers, laboratory-standardized liquid cleaners asoutlined in Test Method D3450, and powder cleansers. Powdercleansers containing chlorine may affect the color of thewashed portion of the test panel.7
17、. Preparation of Apparatus7.1 Washability MachineLevel the apparatus before useand operate at 37 6 1 cpm. (A cycle consists of a completeforward and reverse stroke.)7.2 Sponge and HolderAdd sufficient weight to the holderin the form of metal sheets or other flat weights to give acombined weight of 1
18、000 g, including the dry sponge.NOTE 1Check the compression of the damp sponge under the 1000-gweight to ensure that the holder does not drag along the panel and tear thefilm.8. Procedure8.1 Clean the top of the glass plate and both sides of theblack plastic panel to be sure they are free of specks.
19、 Place theblack panel on the glass plate and tape one end to the plate.Smooth the panel along the plate to ensure a close fit.8.2 Stir the material thoroughly and strain, if necessary, toremove all skins and particles. Draw down the coating on thepanel. Apply the coating in 3 to 4 s from end to end
20、to preventpin holes or holidays in the film. Prepare enough panels witheach paint for all the projected tests. Air dry all panels in ahorizontal position for 7 days in a room maintained at 23 62C (73 6 3.5F) and 50 6 5 % relative humidity as describedin Specification D3924, or under conditions speci
21、fically appli-cable to the material under test.NOTE 2If desired, an extra panel of each paint may be prepared toserve as its unwashed control.8.3 Application of Soilants and Stains:8.3.1 At the completion of the drying period, tape the coatedpanel to the glass plate, as directed in 8.1, to ensure un
22、iformapplication of the soilants and stains. Apply the selectedsoilants or stains, or both, to the coating film in straight pairsof lines parallel to the length of the panel for the manualmethod of cleaning, or perpendicular to the length of the panelfor the mechanical method of cleaning.8.3.2 Apply
23、 solid soilants or stains using the apparatusshown in Fig. 1. Insert pencil, crayon, pen, or similar items intothe appropriately sized hole and secure its position so it extends40 mm (112 in.) beyond the panel (see Fig. 1(a). Secure themedium in position with a piece of masking tape (see Fig.1(b). P
24、ut the applicator at one end of the coated plastic paneland place the 100-g weight on the top face of the wooden panelat the end nearest to the marking device, as shown in Fig. 1(b),securing it with a piece of tape. Allow the nonweighted end ofthe applicator to rest on the surface of the film, then
25、hold it bythe outer edges and pull it along the entire length of the film(see Fig. 1(c).FIG. 1 Solid Soil and Stain ApplicationD4828 94 (2016)2NOTE 3Some soils and stains are prone to smearing. It is advisable toapply them last to the film and protect the first lines with materials suchas wax paper
26、or onionskin paper when applying the second and subse-quent lines.8.3.3 Apply liquid stains using hand-held cotton-tippedswabs. Immerse one end of a cotton-tipped swab in anappropriate liquid and allow to remain totally immersed untilthe cotton tip is saturated (approximately 10 to 15 s). Removethe
27、tip from the liquid and apply the first of two parallel linesto the paint film using the straightedge to assist in drawing thelines. Adjustment of pressure on the cotton tip may be requiredto provide a line of uniform intensity. Reimmerse the cotton tipin the liquid and then draw the second line. Re
28、peat with a cleancotton tip for each liquid being used. Permit the soilants andstains to dry at least 1 h under the same temperature andhumidity conditions as in 8.2.8.4 Washing with a Liquid Cleanser:8.4.1 Soak the sponge in tap water at ambient temperatureuntil saturated. Remove the sponge and squ
29、eeze with one handuntil no more water drips from the sponge. Replace the spongein the holder and pour 15 6 1 mL of water on the exposed faceof the sponge.8.4.2 Measure and deliver to the exposed face of the sponge5 mL of the liquid cleaning medium. Apply 2 mL of liquidcleaning medium in parallel ban
30、ds to each soilant and stainline.8.5 Washing with a Powder Cleanser:8.5.1 Use a separate sponge prepared in accordance with8.4.1. (Alternatively, thoroughly wash the sponge used until alltraces of the liquid cleanser are removed and repeat 8.4.1.)8.5.2 Weigh2gofthepowder cleanser and deliver to thee
31、xposed face of the sponge. Use a spatula to spread thecleanser until it appears to be wetted by the moisture left in thesponge. Apply 5 mL of water in parallel bands to each soilantand stain line.8.6 Manual Method:8.6.1 Place the sponge and holder at one end of the panel sothat its long axis is perp
32、endicular to the length of the panel (seeFig. 2). Rub the sponge across the panel over the soil or stainlines, exerting minimum downward pressure. Continue rub-bing until all the soils or stains are removed or to a maximumof 100 cycles. If all the soils or stains are removed prior to 100cycles, stop
33、 and record the number of cycles before proceedingto 8.8.8.7 Mechanical Method:8.7.1 Place the sponge and holder at one end of the panel sothat its long axis is parallel to the length of the panel (see Fig.2). Attach to the cable of the washability machine. Allow thesponge to travel a maximum of 100
34、 cycles. If all the soils orstains are removed prior to 100 cycles, stop and record thenumber of cycles before proceeding to 8.8.8.8 Remove the test panel and evaluate the condition ofeach soil or stain in the path of the sponge and rate as follows:0No change from original intensity (depth) of soil
35、or stain,3Slight change from original, but readily visible,5Moderate change from original, slightly visible,7Large change from original, barely visible, and10All soil and stain removed.If a difference exists between a pair of lines, report the lowerrating of the pair. When a soil or stain is removed
36、 prior to 100cycles, assign a rating of 10 and note the number of cycles inwhich each soilant or stain was removed.8.9 Rinse the panel with running tap water and remove anyclinging particles of cleaning medium by gently moving thepalm of the hand over the path the sponge followed during thewashing c
37、ycle. Blot the panel and allow to dry. Rate thewashed area relative to the unwashed areas for gloss or colorchange and erosion as given below:Gloss Change Color Change ErosionNNone NNone NNoneIIncrease SDSlightly darker SSlightIILarge increase CDConsiderably darker MModerateDDecrease SLSlightly ligh
38、terDDLarge decrease CLConsiderably lighter9. Report9.1 Report the following information:9.1.1 Types of soilant, stain, washing media, the washingmethod used, and the results obtained in 8.8 and 8.9,9.1.2 Any soils or stains that were removed in less than 100cycles, and9.1.3 Any deviation from the re
39、commended procedure.10. Precision and Bias410.1 Precision:10.1.1 Mechanical ProcedureIn an interlaboratory studyof this test method, operators in each of four laboratoriesapplied three types of markings to two panels of each of threecoatings covering a wide range of PVCs and evaluated theremovabilit
40、y using an abrasive cleaner. The intralaboratorystandard deviation was found to be 5.1 cycles with 13 df andthe interlaboratory standard deviation is 10.5 cycles with 19 df.Based upon these standard deviations, the following criteriashould be used for judging, at the 95 % confidence level, theaccept
41、ability of results:10.1.1.1 RepeatabilityTwo results obtained by the sameoperator on different panels should be considered suspect ifthey differ by more than 15.5 cycles.10.1.1.2 ReproducibilityTwo results, each the mean oftests on two panels, obtained by operators in different labora-tories should
42、be considered suspect if they differ by more than28.5 cycles.10.2 BiasThis procedure has no bias because the value isdefined only in terms of this test method.11. Keywords11.1 cleansability; soil/dirt resistance; stain resistance;washability; wet abrasion resistance4Supporting data have been filed a
43、t ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D01-1052. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.D4828 94 (2016)3ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this stand
44、ard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be review
45、ed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible
46、 technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Cons
47、hohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 2 Panel Layout and Brush Holder DiagramD4828 94 (2016)4
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