1、Designation: D 4833 00e1Standard Test Method forIndex Puncture Resistance of Geotextiles, Geomembranes,and Related Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4833; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.e1NOTETable 1 was editorially corre
3、cted from a one-sided table to a two-sided table in April 2002.1. Scope1.1 This test method is used to measure the index punctureresistance of geotextiles, geomembranes, and related products.1.2 The use of Test Method D 4833 may be inappropriatefor testing some woven geotextiles or related products
4、whichhave large openings (Note 1).NOTE 1Geonets and geogrids cannot be tested using this test method.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values provided in inch-pound units are forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety con
5、cerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D76 Specification for Tensile Testing M
6、achines for Tex-tiles2D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles2D 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles2D 2905 Practice for Statements on Number of Specimensfor Textiles2D 4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing3D 4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics33. Terminology3.1 Defini
7、tions:3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geotextiles, n air maintainedat a relative humidity of 65 6 5 % and a temperature of 21 62C (70 6 4F).3.1.2 geomembrane, nvery low permeability syntheticmembrane liners or barriers used with any geotechnical engi-neering related material so as to control fluid migr
8、ation in aman-made project, structure, or system.3.1.3 geotextile, nany permeable textile used with foun-dations, soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical material asan integral part of man-made project, structure, or system.3.1.4 index test, na test procedure which may contain aknown bias but w
9、hich may be used to establish an order for aset of specimens with respect to the property of interest.3.1.5 puncture resistance (F), nthe inherent resistingmechanism of the test specimen to the failure by a penetratingor puncturing object.3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in thisstanda
10、rd, refer to Terminology D 123.3.3 For definitions of other terms relating to geotextiles usedin this standard, refer to Terminology D 4439.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A test specimen is clamped without tension betweencircular plates of a ring clamp attachment secured in a tensiletesting machine. A
11、 force is exerted against the center of theunsupported portion of the test specimen by a solid steel rodattached to the load indicator until rupture of the specimenoccurs. The maximum force recorded is the value of punctureresistance of the specimen.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is an
12、index test for determining thepuncture resistance of geotextiles, geomembranes, and relatedproducts. The use of this test method is to establish an indexvalue by providing standard criteria and a basis for uniformreporting.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthe
13、tics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechani-cal Properties.Current edition approved March 21, 2002. Published May 2000. Originallypublished as D483388. Last previous edition D483388(96)e1.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.13.
14、1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.2 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-tance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles, geomem-branes, and related materials since the test method has beenused e
15、xtensively in the trade for acceptance testing.5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using this test method for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there isa statistical
16、 bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of testspecimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that arefrom a lot material of the type in question. The test specimensshould th
17、en be randomly assigned in equal numbers to eachlaboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories should be compared using Students t-test forunpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by thetwo parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, eitherits cause
18、 must be found and corrected or the purchaser and thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light ofthe known bias.6. Apparatus6.1 Tensile/Compression Testing Machine, of the constant-rate-of extension (CRE) type, with autographic recorder con-forming to the requirements of Spec
19、ification D76. See Fig. 1.6.2 Ring Clamp Attachment, consisting of concentric plateswith an open internal diameter of 45 6 0.025 mm (1.772 60.001 in.), capable of clamping the test specimen withoutslippage. A suggested clamping arrangement is shown in Fig. 1and Fig. 2. The external diameter is sugge
20、sted to be 100 60.025 mm (3.937 6 0.001 in.). The diameter of the six holesused for securing the ring clamp assembly is suggested to be 8mm (0.135 in.) and equally spaced at a radius of 37 mm (2.95in.). The surfaces of these plates can consist of grooves withO-rings or coarse sandpaper bonded onto o
21、pposing surfaces.FIG. 1 Photographs of Test Setup and FixtureD483300e126.3 Solid Steel Rod, with a diameter of 8 6 0.1 mm (0.31560.004 in.) having a flat end with a 45 = 0.8 mm (0.315 in.)chamfered edge contacting the test specimens surface. SeeFig. 1 and Fig. 3.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleDivide the p
22、roduct into lots and take thelot sample as directed in Practice D 4354.7.2 Laboratory SampleFor the laboratory sample, take aswatch extending the full width of the geotextile, of sufficientlength along the selvage, from each sample roll so that therequirements of 7.3 and 8.1 can be met. Take a sampl
23、e that willexclude material from the outer wrap and inner wrap aroundthe core unless the sample is taken at the production site, theninner and outer wrap material may be used.7.3 Test SpecimensSelect from the laboratory sample thenumber of specimens directed in Section 8. Minimum speci-men diameter
24、is 100 mm (4 in.) to facilitate clamping. Spacethe specimens along a diagonal on the unit of the laboratorysample. Take no specimens nearer the selvage or edge of thegeotextile sample than110 the width of the geotextile sample.8. Number of Specimens8.1 Reliable Estimate of vWhen there is a reliable
25、esti-mate of v based on extensive past records for similar materialstested in the users laboratory, calculate the number of speci-mens per unit in the laboratory sample using Eq 1:n 5 tv/a!25 tv!2/36 (1)where:n = number of specimens (rounded upward to a wholenumber),v = reliable estimate of the coef
26、ficient of variation forindividual observations on similar materials in theusers laboratory under conditions of single-operatorprecision,t = value of Students test for two-sided limits (see Table1) a 95 % probability level, and the degrees offreedom associated with the estimate of v, andA = 6 % of t
27、he average, the value of the allowable vari-able.8.2 No Reliable Estimate of vWhen there is no reliableestimate of v in the users laboratory, specify the fixed numberof 15 specimens per swatch in the laboratory sample. Thisnumber of specimens is calculated using v = 10 % of theaverage, which is a so
28、mewhat larger value of v than is usuallyfound in practice. When a reliable estimate of v for the userslaboratory becomes available, Eq 1 will usually require fewerthan 15 specimens per swatch in the laboratory sample.FIG. 2 Test Fixture Detail (Not to Scale)FIG. 3 Test Probe Detail (Not to Scale)D48
29、3300e139. Conditioning9.1 Bring the specimens to moisture equilibrium in theatmosphere for testing geotextiles (3.1). Equilibrium is consid-ered to have been reached when the increase in the mass of thespecimen, in successive weighings made at intervals of not lessthan 2 h, does not exceed 0.1 % of
30、the mass of the specimen.In general, most geotextiles, geomembranes, and related prod-ucts contain more moisture when received than they will afterreaching moisture equilibrium.NOTE 2It is recognized that in practice, geotextile materials arefrequently not weighed to determine when moisture equilibr
31、ium has beenreached. While such a method cannot be accepted in cases of dispute, itmay be sufficient in routine testing to expose the material to the standardatmosphere for a reasonable period of time before the specimens aretested. A time of at least 24 h has been found acceptable in most cases.How
32、ever, certain fibers may contain more moisture upon receipt than afterconditioning. When this is known, a preconditioning cycle, as described inPractice D 1776, may be agreed upon by the contractual parties for routinetesting.10. Procedure10.1 Select the load range of the tensile/compression testing
33、machine such that the rupture occurs between 10 and 90 % ofthe full-scale load.10.2 Center and secure the specimen between the holdingplates ensuring that the test specimen extends to or beyond theouter edges of the clamping plates.10.3 Test at a machine speed of 300 6 10 mm (12 in. 612in.)/min unti
34、l the puncture rod completely ruptures the testspecimen.NOTE 3The rate of testing specified is not an indication of theperformance of the specimen for its end use.10.4 Read the puncture resistance from the greatest forceregistered on the recording instrument during the test. For thetesting of compos
35、ite geotextile or composite geomembranematerials, there may be a double peak. If so, the initial valueshould be reported even if the second peak is higher than thefirst one.10.5 For geotextile testing, if the yarns fail to break as aresult of the slippage of the specimen from the ring clamp or ifthe
36、 probe slips between the yarns without causing yarnbreakage, discard the result and test another specimen.11. Calculation11.1 Calculate the average puncture resistance and standarddeviation for all tests as read directly from the recordinginstrument.12. Report12.1 State that the specimens were treat
37、ed as directed in TestMethod D 4833.12.2 Report on the following information:12.2.1 The method of holding the test specimen in theclamping device.12.2.2 The average puncture resistance of the specimenstested.12.2.3 The coefficient of variation (if known) and standarddeviation for each group of speci
38、mens.12.2.4 The variation, if any, from the described test method.13. Precision and Bias13.1 PrecisionThe precision of the procedure in this testmethod for measuring the puncture resistance of geotextiles,geomembranes, and related materials is being established.13.2 BiasThe procedure in this test me
39、thod for measuringthe puncture resistance of geotextiles, geomembranes, andrelated materials has no bias because the value of that propertycan be defined only in terms of a test method.14. Keywords14.1 geomembranes; geotextiles; puncture; punctureresistanceASTM International takes no position respec
40、ting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This sta
41、ndard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM Internati
42、onal Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below
43、.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (f
44、ax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 1 Values of Students t for Two-Sided Limits and the95 % ProbabilityAdf t.025 df t.025 df t.0251 12.706 11 2.201 21 2.0802 4.303 12 2.179 22 2.0743 3.182 13 2.160 23 2.0694 2.776 14 2.145 24 2.0645 2.571 15 2.131 25 2.0
45、606 2.447 16 2.120 26 2.0567 2.365 17 2.110 27 2.0528 2.306 18 2.101 28 2.0489 2.262 19 2.093 29 2.04510 2.228 20 2.086 inf. 1.960AValues in this table were calculated using Hewlett Packard HP 67/97 UsersLibrary Programs 03848D, “One-Sided and Two-Sided Critical Values of Studentst” and 00350D, “Improved Normal and Inverse Distribution.” For values at otherthan the 95 % probability level, see published tables of critical values of Studentst in any standard statistical text. Further use of this table is defined in Practice D2905.D483300e14
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