1、Designation: D 4844 03Standard Guide forAir Monitoring at Waste Management Facilities for WorkerProtection1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4844; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended to provide a standardized ap-proach for establishing and carrying out an air monitoringprogram to
3、protect workers at waste management facilities.This guide may apply to routine operations at an activetreatment, storage, or disposal site or the extraordinary condi-tions that can be encountered in opening and cleaning up aremedial action site.1.2 Any user of this guide must understand that it isim
4、possible to predict all the difficulties that could develop at awaste management facility due to hazardous airborne emis-sions. Although air contaminant measurements obtained inaccordance with this guide may indicate acceptable or tolerablelevels of toxic agents are present, care and judgment must s
5、tillbe exercised before concluding that all atmospheric contami-nants at the site are under control.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1356 Terminology Relating to Atmospheric Samplingand AnalysisD 1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the AmbientAtmosphereD 1605 Practices for Samplin
6、gAtmospheres forAnalysis ofGases and VaporsD 3614 Guide for Evaluating Laboratories Engaged in Sam-pling and Analysis of Atmospheres and EmissionsD 4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence ofTesting and Calibration Laboratori
7、es32.3 Federal Standards:OSHA Analytical Methods Manual4NIOSH Manual for Analytical Methods5OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1910 Hazardous Waste Operations andEmergency Response; Interim Final Rule, December198663. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 GeneralTerminology commonly used in air moni-toring can be found i
8、n Terminology D 1356.3.2 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 operating sitean operating site is a location orfacility where waste is treated, stored, or disposed as part of anon-going operation.3.2.2 remedial action sitea remedial action site is alocation or facility that may pose
9、a threat to human health andthe environment.4. Summary of Guide4.1 The procedures described in this guide address safetyconsiderations, acute health hazards, and chronic health haz-ards due to airborne hazardous materials.4.2 Monitoring concepts are described for cleanup opera-tions at remedial acti
10、on sites as well as routine activities atoperational waste management sites.5. Significance and Use5.1 The techniques of air monitoring are many and varied.This guide is intended to describe the standard approaches thatare used in designing an air monitoring program to protectwaste management site w
11、orkers.5.2 When entering a remedial action site to initiate aninvestigation or a cleanup operation, operating personnel maybe faced with the extreme hazards of fire, explosion, and acuteor chronic health hazards. A thorough safety and healthprogram, including a site-specific safety and health plan,
12、must1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 onPlanning for Sampling.Current edition approved March 10, 2003. Published May 2003. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 1988 as D 4
13、84488 (1998).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Adopted by ASTM as an American National Standar
14、d.41985 manual available from Occupational Safety and Health Administration,OSHA Analytical Laboratory, Salt Lake City, UT.5Third edition manual, February 1984, available from the National Institute ofOccupational Safety and Health, (NIOSH), Cincinnati, OH.6Available from the Superintendent of Docum
15、ents, Government Printing Office,Washington, DC, 20401.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.be in place to direct worker activity. Details for such plans canbe found in the OSHA Interim Final Rule for Hazardous WasteOperat
16、ions and Emergency Response and Refs (1, 2).7Airmonitoring is an integral part of such a program. This guidedescribes equipment and sampling procedures which can beused to evaluate the airborne hazard potential so as to gain andmaintain control over the situation at the site.5.3 Upon obtaining readi
17、ngs at the site, a decision must bemade as to whether conditions are under control or not. Thatdecision will depend on the nature of the contaminants(toxicity, reactivity, volatility, etc.), the extent (area affected,number of workers, etc.) of the problem and the level of workerprotection available
18、. Since all such parameters will be sitespecific, the necessary decision-making is beyond the range ofthis guide.5.4 This guide does not include monitoring sites containingradioactive materials, nor does it cover general safety aspects,such as access to emergency equipment or medical support ofemerg
19、ency needs. These items should be covered in a safetyand health plan.5.5 It is recommended that this guide be used in conjunctionwith Guide D 4687.6. General Considerations6.1 That aspect of science which routinely deals with theassessment of airborne hazards to workers is known asindustrial hygiene
20、. Professional industrial hygienists, besidesmeasuring the concentration of contaminants in air, recom-mend means for controlling such airborne hazards, protectingworkers, and demonstrating compliance with applicable lawsand regulations. A certified industrial hygienist generally offersthe optimum c
21、ombination of background and credentials forrecognizing, evaluating, and controlling workplace health haz-ards. If industrial hygiene staff support is not available on site,coverage can be obtained through the use of consultants andpossibly through loss prevention insurance carriers. The re-mainder
22、of this guide reflects the general thought process thatan industrial hygiene professional would most likely gothrough in establishing an air monitoring program to protectworkers at a waste management site.6.2 Establishing a Test Protocol:6.2.1 Various combinations of equipment and samplingtechniques
23、 are used in work place air monitoring. The bestmonitoring program is one that combines accuracy with timelyresponse in a cost effective manner.6.2.2 The particular test protocol which is selected for anindustrial hygiene study depends on the nature of the contami-nants and the end purpose of the mo
24、nitoring effort (that is,routine monitoring, searching for worst case exposure, lookingfor contaminant leaks in a process).86.3 Selecting Specific Methods:6.3.1 The choice of sampling method is most often tied inwith the analytical method. There may be no difference in theanalytical work whether it
25、is for a 15-min ceiling sample or a7-h full day sample. If the analytical method has poor sensi-tivity, however, it may be necessary to increase the pump flowrate for the short duration sample to make certain that sufficientsample is collected. Such fine adjustments must be worked outbetween the sam
26、pling personnel and the laboratory personnel.Extensive guidance on the latest developments in air samplingtechnology is available in Refs (3, 4).6.3.2 A number of sources of information are available todescribe general methodology. Practice D 1605 lists some ofthe classic methods that have been used
27、 when sampling forgases or vapors. The American Conference of GovernmentalIndustrial Hygienists offers a publication, Ref (5), that providesa review of newer equipment and methodology. The finalcombination of equipment and procedures is predicted on theprecision, accuracy, and sensitivity needed to
28、support the testprotocol.6.3.3 Once the goals and protocol for the sampling programhave been set, specific sampling/analytical methods must beselected. Within the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume11.03 is dedicated to atmospheric analysis and to occupationalhealth and safety issues. Some applica
29、ble methods from thatreference are listed in Annex A1. Other sources of health andsafety support include the NIOSH Manual of AnalyticalMethods and the OSHA Analytical Methods Manual. Thespecific equipment and sampling media for a particular set ofairborne contaminants are selected from sources such
30、as these.7. Procedures7.1 Operating Site:7.1.1 The procedures described in this section apply to airmonitoring activities at an operational waste treatment, storage,or disposal site. At an operating site, controls (work practices,engineering controls, and personal protective equipment)would be in pl
31、ace to minimize the exposure of workers tohazardous conditions. These are defined in the health andsafety plan.7.1.2 Knowledge of MaterialsKnowledge of the materialsarriving at or present at an operating site is critical to the designof a sampling plan. If hazardous wastes are arriving, be surethat
32、they are listed on the manifest. The results of waste sampleanalyses will also help to identify contaminants of greatestconcern in an incoming shipment. It is also likely that specificusers of the disposal site will tend to be consistent in the typesof wastes they send to the site based on the gener
33、ating processand history of shipment. For example, paint manufacturers willmost likely send mixtures of solvents, resins, and pigments,whereas plating firms will generally send alkaline sludge ofheavy metal waste; and so on. Deviation from establishedpatterns, however, is possible and should not be
34、discounted insampling plan design.7.1.3 Worker Sampling:7.1.3.1 Of all the different techniques for workplace airmonitoring, personal sampling of the workers breathing zoneis paramount. While some workers may be quite sedentary inan operations trailer at a control panel, others may be outcovering al
35、l areas of the work site. For this reason, theassessment must be capable of following the activity of theworker.7The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis guide.8Subcommittee E34.18 of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupational Health andSafety is developing a gui
36、de for industrial hygiene air monitoring programs titled“Standard Guide toAir Sampling Strategies for Worker and Workplace Protection.D48440327.1.3.2 The first order of personal monitoring is long dura-tion time-weighted-average (TWA) sampling. For an 8-h workshift, be sure that TWA samples are at a
37、 minimum of 7-hduration either as a single sample or a series of two or moresamples. For any other work hour situation, the procedure is tosample for the duration of the shift less 1 h. For workershandling organic wastes (for example, vapor degreaser solventwaste) the program would call for charcoal
38、 tube sampling withanalysis for one or two of the chlorinated solvents most likelyto be present in the waste. Such TWAmonitoring, as well as thefollowing information, would be repeated periodically toensure that worker exposure is not increasing.7.1.3.3 Another form of personal monitoring that would
39、 becarried out is for peak exposures. For example, 15-min ceilingsamples might be taken while a set of containers was beingopened to inspect or remove the contents. The same type ofsampling might be done while pumping the contents of a truckinto a holding tank. At these times, personal protective eq
40、uip-ment (for example, respiratory protection) is often used tominimize worker exposure to vapors. Ceiling samples will helpensure that workers are using respirators having a high enoughprotection factor.7.1.3.4 Ceiling samples might be the only form of monitor-ing for certain toxic agents. If waste
41、 acid pickling solutionwere to come in from a steel mill for neutralization, it might beappropriate to sample for hydrogen chloride. In that instance,only 15-min samples would be of interest, because that is howexposure to HCl is controlled by health/regulatory agencies.7.1.3.5 New equipment has com
42、e into use to cover bothTWA and peak sampling. Some personal dosimeters, worn bythe employees, give an overall average exposure and alsorecord the instantaneous exposures of the worker during theday. These units, which are read out on a portable computer,are generally good for only one particular co
43、ntaminant, thoughall the different types are read using the same computer. Thesemight be very useful in monitoring a heavy equipment operatorfor carbon monoxide or a waste treatment plant attendant forsulfur dioxide.7.1.3.6 Another concept to be considered in both the moni-toring and safety and heal
44、th plans is the additive effect ofcertain substances. Paragraph 7.1.3.2 presented the concept ofscreening for only one or two solvents. When this is done, theeventual comparison with permissible exposure limits must bedone using a safety factor. This safety factor is intended to takeaccount of the p
45、ossible effects of other similar compoundswhich are likely to be present, but are not measured routinely.7.1.4 Area Monitoring:7.1.4.1 A good complement to personal monitoring is fixedlocation area monitoring. This can be done with either samplecollecting-type equipment, direct reading instruments,
46、or spe-cialized fixed-parameter monitors such as those described in7.1.3.5. Area monitoring offers the advantage of potentiallyproviding an early warning.7.1.4.2 A combustible vapor meter in a solvent storage areacan give warning before an employee must walk in to find aleak.7.1.4.3 A carbon monoxid
47、e monitoring system around apyrolyzer or incinerator can warn both the operator in thecontrol room and workers in the loading area of a system upset.7.1.4.4 An oxygen meter permanently mounted in a belowground pit can warn an employee of an oxygen deficientatmosphere before he enters the confined sp
48、ace.7.1.4.5 Direct reading colorimetric tubes Ref (6), offer aconvenient means for obtaining a quick reading. Besides theirsuitability for qualitative checks (see Annex A2), they alsoprovide reasonable quantitative estimates.7.1.5 Complex Exposure Potential:7.1.5.1 Although much of the sampling effo
49、rt may involvemonitoring for one or two particular contaminants on specificoperations, there will be other times when the exposurepotential is more complex. Examples of more complex moni-toring might include: 1) where a sludge is handled on site, andthere is a chance of spillage and eventual spreading of thedebris around the site by vehicular traffic and wind, dustsamples will need to be analyzed periodically for heavy metals;2) where waste from a polymer plant (in particular oneprocessing nitrile rubber or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene,(ABS) plastic) is handled on site, it ma
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