1、Designation: D4848 98 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Terminology Related toForce, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4848; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of defini-tions of technical terms related to force and deforma
3、tionproperties when evaluating a stress-strain curve of a textile.(See Figs. X1.1 and X1.2.) A chart showing the relationship ofthe basic terms is shown in Table 1. Terms that are generallyunderstood or adequately defined in other readily availablesources are not included.1.2 For other terms associa
4、ted with textiles, refer to Termi-nology D123.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1578 Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in SkeinFormD5344 Test Method for Extension Force of Partially Ori-ented Yarn3. Terminologybreak factor, nin yarn testing, the
5、 comparative breakingload of a skein of yarn adjusted for the linear density of theyarn expressed in an indirect system. D13.58 D1578breaking elongationSee elongation at break.breaking force, nthe maximum force applied to a materialcarried to rupture. (Compare breaking point, breakingstrength. Syn.
6、force-at-break)DISCUSSIONMaterials that are brittle usually rupture at the maxi-mum force. Materials that are ductile usually experience a maximumforce before rupturing.breaking loaddeprecated term. Use the preferred termbreaking force.breaking point, non a force-elongation curve, or stress-strain c
7、urve, the point corresponding with the breaking forceor the breaking stress in a tensile test. (Compare breakingforce.)breaking strength, nstrength expressed in terms of breakingforce. (See also breaking force and strength. Syn., strengthat break)breaking tenacity, nthe tenacity at the breaking forc
8、e. (Seealso breaking force, tenacity.)breaking toughness, ntoughness up to the breaking force ofa material.DISCUSSIONBreaking toughness is represented by the area and thestress-strain curve from the origin to the breaking force per unit length,and, in textile strands, is expressed as work (joules) p
9、er unit of lineardensity of the material. In textile fabrics, the unit is joules per gram.chord modulus, nin a stress-strain curve, the ratio of thechange in stress to the change in strain between two specifiedpoints on the pression, nthe act, process, or result of compacting,condensing, or pressive
10、 force, nthe perpendicular force applied tosurface(s) of a material in pression recovery, nthe degree to which a materialreturns to its original dimension(s) after removal of acompressive pression resistance, nthe ability of a material to opposedeformation under a compressive force.corresponding elo
11、ngationSee elongation at specified force.corresponding forceSee force-at-specified-elongation.deformation, na change in shape of a material caused by1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers
12、Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published September 2012. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D4848 98(2004)1.DOI: 10.1520/D4848-98R12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. Fo
13、r Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.TABLE 1 Relationship of Force and Deformation TermsTerm SymbolMathematicalExpressionUnitLength L mm (in.)Extension DL mm (in.)Strain DL/LElongation DL/L 3 100 %Linear density D1Atex (de
14、n)Cross-sectionalareaAm2(in.2)Force F N (lbf)Tension T N (lbf)Strength S N (lbf)Tenacity F/D1AmN/tex (lbf/den)BStress F/A N/m2(lbf/yd2)BAIn computers, this may be given as “LD” instead of “D1”.BFor fibers, these inch-pound units are usually gf/den and gf/in.21Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr H
15、arbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.forces of compression, shear, tension, or torsion.DISCUSSIONDeformation may be immediate or delayed. Delayeddeformation may be either recoverable or nonrecoverable.deformation, permanent, nthe net long-term change in adimensio
16、n of a specimen after deformation and relaxationunder specified conditions. (Syn. permanent set, nonrecov-erable deformation, and nonrecoverable stretch.DISCUSSIONPermanent deformation is usually expressed as a per-centage of the original dimension.delayed deformation, ndeformation which is time-dep
17、endent and exhibited by material subject to a continuingforce. D13.58 D4848elastic limit, nin mechanics, the maximum stress which canbe obtained in a material without causing permanent defor-mation of the material. (Compare yield point.)DISCUSSIONElastic limit is a property of a material whereas yie
18、ldpoint is a specific point on a stress-strain curve.elasticity, nthat property of a material by virtue of which ittends to recover its original size and shape immediately afterremoval of the force causing deformation.elongation, nthe ratio of the extension of a material to thelength of the material
19、 prior to stretching, expressed as apercent.DISCUSSIONElongation may be measured at any specified force or atrupture.elongation at break, nthe elongation corresponding to thebreaking force. (Compare elongation at rupture. See alsoelongation.) Syn. breaking elongation.elongation at the breaking load,
20、 ndeprecated term. Use thepreferred term elongation at break.elongation at specified force, (EASF), nthe elongationassociated with a specified force on the force-extensioncurve. (Syn. corresponding elongation).elongation at rupture, nthe elongation corresponding to theforce-at-rupture. (Compare elon
21、gation at break.)DISCUSSIONThe elongation at rupture for a brittle material is usuallyequal to the elongation at break; but for ductile materials this elongationmay be greater.extensibility, nthat property by virtue of which a materialcan undergo extension or elongation following the applica-tion of
22、 sufficient force.extension, nthe change in length of a material due tostretching. (Compare elongation.)DISCUSSIONExtension may be measured at any specified force or atrupture and is expressed in units of length, for example, millimetres andinches.extension force, nthe force required to stretch a ma
23、terial toa given length. D13.58 D5344extension-recovery cycle, nin tension testing, the continu-ous extension of a specimen, with a momentary hold at aspecified extension, followed by a controlled rate of return tozero extension.failure, nan arbitrary point beyond which a material ceasesto be functi
24、onally capable of its intended use. (Comparerupture.)DISCUSSIONA material may be considered to have failed withouthaving ruptured.force, na physical influence exerted by one body on anotherwhich produces acceleration of bodies that are free to moveand deformation of bodies that are not free to move.
25、(Compare strength.)DISCUSSIONForce is properly expressed in newtons (N) or multiplesand submultiples of newtons, for example kilonewtons (kN) andmillinewtons (mN). Force is also expressed as grams-force (gf),kilograms-force (kgf), or pounds-force (lbf), but the use of these termsis deprecated.force
26、at break, nSee breaking force.force at rupture, nthe force applied to a material immedi-ately preceding rupture. (Compare breaking force. See alsorupture.)DISCUSSIONMaterials that are brittle usually rupture at the maxi-mum force. Materials that are ductile usually experience a maximumforce before r
27、upturing.force at specified elongation (FASE), nthe force associatedwith a specific elongation on the force-extension or force-elongation curve. (Syn. corresponding force.)force-deformation curve, na graphical representation of theforce and deformation relationship of a material underconditions of c
28、ompression, shear, tension or torsion. (Com-pare force-elongation curve, force-extension curve andstress-strain curve.)DISCUSSIONForce-deformation related curves include force-extension, force-compression, force-shear (displacement), force-torqueand stress-strain curves. The shape of the force-exten
29、sion curve of amaterial and the shape of the corresponding stress-strain curve are thesame, only the units are different. Force is expressed in such units asnewton, kilogram-force, pound force. In tension, shear or compressiontests, deformation is expressed in such units of length as metre,millimetr
30、e or inches. In torsion tests, deformation is expressed in suchunits for plane angles as radians or degrees.force-elongation curve, na graphical representation of theforce and elongation relationship of a material under tension.(Compare force-deformation curve, force-extension curveand stress-strain
31、 curve.)force-extension curve, na graphical representation of theforce and extension relationship of a material under tension.(Compare force-deformation curve, force-elongationcurve and stress-strain curve.)immediate elastic recovery, nrecoverable deformationwhich is essentially independent of time,
32、 that is, occurring in(a time approaching) zero time and recoverable in (a timeapproaching) zero time after removal of the applied force.(Compare delayed deformation and delayed elastic recov-ery.)initial modulus, nin a stress-strain curve, the slope of theinitial straight-line portion of the curve.
33、knot breaking force, nin tensile testing, the breaking forceof a strand having a specified knot configuration tied in theD4848 98 (2012)2portion of the strand mounted between the clamps of atensile testing machine. (Compare knot breaking strength.See also breaking force.)knot breaking load, ndepreca
34、ted term. Use the preferredterm, knot breaking force.knot breaking strength, nstrength expressed in terms ofknot breaking force. (See also knot breaking force.)linear density, nmass per unit length.loaddeprecated term. Use the preferred term, force.load, vtto apply a force.DISCUSSIONAlthough the ter
35、ms load and force are frequently usedinterchangeably to denote the same phenomena,ASTM has adopted useof the technically correct term force.load at specified elongation (LASE)deprecated term. Use thepreferred term, force at specified elongation (FASE).load-deformation curve, ndeprecated term. Use th
36、e preferredterm, force-deformation curve.load-elongation curve, ndeprecated term. Use the preferredterm, force-elongation curve.loop breaking force, nin tensile testing, the breaking forceof a specimen consisting of two lengths of strand from thesame supply looped together in a specified configurati
37、on andmounted between the clamps of a tensile testing machine.(Compare loop breaking strength. See also breakingforce.)loop breaking load, ndeprecated term. Use the preferredterm, loop breaking force.loop breaking strength, nstrength expressed in terms ofloop breaking force. (See also loop breaking
38、force,strength.)modulus, nthe property of a material representative of itsresistance to deformation. (See also chord modulus, initialmodulus, tangent modulus, Youngs modulus).pretension, nthe specified tension applied to a specimenpreparatory to making a test.DISCUSSIONPretension may be used to esta
39、blish a uniform baselinefor a test. In tensile testing, the pretension is usually a low forcedesigned to remove kinks, crimp or wrinkles and essentially straightenand align the specimen as it is being mounted in the testing machine.recovery, delayed elasticSee delayed elastic recovery.recovery immed
40、iate elasticSee immediate elastic recovery.recovery tensile strainSee tensile strain recovery.rupture, nthe breaking or tearing apart of a material.(Compare failure.)DISCUSSIONAs applied to tensile testing, rupture refers to the totalseparation of a material into two parts either all at once or in s
41、tages, orthe development of a hole in some materials.secant modules, ndeprecated term in textile terminology.Use the preferred term chord modulus.single-strand breaking force, nin tensile testing, the break-ing force of one strand that follows a specified path, usuallya straight line, between the cl
42、amps of a tensile testingmachine. (Compare breaking force.)single-strand strength, ndeprecated term. Use single-strandbreaking strength.skein break factor, nthe comparative breaking strength of askein of yarn adjusted for the linear density of the yarnexpressed in an indirect system; the product of
43、the breakingstrength of the skein and the yarn number expressed in anindirect system.DISCUSSIONA statement of the break factor of the skein mustindicate the number of wraps in the skein if this is not otherwiseapparent; without information on the number of wraps, a statement ofthe break factor is me
44、aningless. Break factor is frequently given otherdesignations such as lea count constant, lea product, and breaking ratio.skein breaking tenacity, nthe skein breaking strength di-vided by the product of the yarn number in direct numberingsystem and the number of strands placed under tension.DISCUSSI
45、ONObserved breaking strength can be converted to break-ing tenacity by dividing the breaking strength by the product of the yarnmeasured in a direct numbering system and the number of strandsplaced under tension (twice the number of wraps in the skein).strain, ndeformation of a material caused by th
46、e applicationof an external force.DISCUSSIONStrain is usually expressed as a ratio involving exten-sion.strength, nthe property of a material that resists deformationinduced by external forces. (Compare force.)DISCUSSIONStrength may be expressed in units of force for aspecific material or units of s
47、tress. Traditionally, some have consideredstrength to be an average of individual values rather than the individualvalues.strength at break, nSee breaking strength.strength at rupture, nstrength expressed in terms of theforce at rupture. (Compare breaking strength.)stress, nthe resistance to deforma
48、tion developed within amaterial subjected to an external force.DISCUSSIONStress is the result of strain and vice versa. In textiles,stress is expressed in units of force per unit cross-sectional area. Typicalexamples are tensile stress, shear stress, or compressive stress.stress decay, nin mechanics
49、, the reduction in force to hold amaterial at a fixed deformation over a period of time.DISCUSSIONThis is a generic definition. Stress is already defined.The stress decay is due to adsorption of energy.stress-strain curve, na graphical representation of the stressand strain relationship of a material under conditions ofcompression, shear, tension, or torsion. (Compare force-deformation curve, force-elongation curve, and force-extension cu
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