1、Designation: D4859 13Standard Specification forLubricants for Two-Stroke-Cycle Spark-Ignition GasolineEngines-TC1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4859; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers lubricant
3、s intended for use intwo-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gasoline engines, typicallyother than outboard motors, that are particularly prone to ringsticking, but which are also liable to suffer damage arisingfrom deposit induced preignition, piston scuff, spark plugfouling and piston varnish.1.2 The valu
4、es stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D664 Test Method for Acid Number
5、 of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD874 Test Method for Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oilsand AdditivesD2270 Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kine-matic Viscosity at 40 and 100CD2896 Test Method for Base Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric Perchloric Acid Titrati
6、onD4857 Test Method for Determination of the Ability ofLubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Depositsin Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than Out-boardsD4858 Test Method for Determination of the Tendency ofLubricants to Promote Preignition in Two-Stroke-CycleGasoline EnginesD4863 Te
7、st Method for Determination of Lubricity of Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engine Lubricants2.2 Coordinating European Council (CEC) Standard:CEC L-19-T-77 The Evaluation of the Lubricity of Two-Stroke Engine Oils33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 cold stickingof piston rings, a condition in which theri
8、ng is free in its groove while the engine is running but stuckwhen the piston is cold, normally indicated by the absence ofvarnish or other deposits on the outer face of the ring and ofsigns of blowby on the piston skirt. D48573.1.2 combustion chamberin reciprocating internal com-bustion engines, th
9、e volume bounded by the piston crown andany portion of the cylinder walls extending above the pistoncrown when in the top dead center position, and the innersurface of the cylinder head including any spark plugs andother inserted components. D48583.1.3 hot stickingof piston rings, a condition in whi
10、ch thering is stuck in its groove while the engine is running, normallyindicated by varnish or other deposits on the outer face of thering, by signs of blowby on the piston skirt, or both. D48573.1.4 lubricitya qualitative term describing the ability of alubricant to minimize friction between and da
11、mage to surfacesin relative motion under load. D48633.1.5 preignitionin a spark-ignition engine, ignition of themixture of fuel and air in the combustion chamber before thepassage of the spark. D48583.1.6 scuff, scuffngin lubrication, damage caused by in-stantaneous localized welding between surface
12、s in relativemotion which does not result in immobilization of the parts.D48633.1.7 seizurein lubrication, welding between surfaces inrelative motion that results in immobilization of the parts.D48631This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubrican
13、ts and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.B0.06 on Two-Stroke Cycle Gasoline.Current edition approved June 15, 2013. Published July 2013. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4859 08. DOI:10.1520/D4859-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM w
14、ebsite, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Order from the Coordinating European Council, 61 New Cavendish Street,London, W1M 8AR, England.*A Summary of
15、 Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.8 spark plug foulingdeposition of essentially noncon-ducting material onto the electrodes of a spark plug that may,but will not ne
16、cessarily, prevent the plug from operating.D48573.1.9 spark plug whiskering, or spark plug bridgingadeposit of conductive material on the spark plug electrodeswhich tends to form a bridge between them, thus shorting outthe plug. D48573.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 benchmark
17、 reference oilan oil meeting the require-ments of a test of this specification and whose performance onthat test is equalled or exceeded by that of the candidate oilwithin the specified tolerances.3.2.2 major preignitionpreignition indicated by an in-crease in the combustion chamber temperature of 1
18、0 C ormore over a period of less than a minute.3.2.3 minor preignitionpreignition indicated by an in-crease in the combustion chamber temperature of 7 C or morebut less than 10 C over a period of less than a minute.4. General Requirements4.1 This specification covers only specific aspects of theperf
19、ormance of the lubricant in an engine under the conditionsof test. Requirements additional to those of this specification,such as miscibility with gasoline, may be agreed between thepurchaser and the supplier.4.2 Performance testing of each batch of lubricant shall notbe required. The supplier shall
20、 certify that the product suppliedmeets the requirements of this specification and that it con-forms in all significant respects to a batch of lubricant that hasmet the requirements of this specification. The supplier shallprovide on request the batch and test number and the date andplace of qualifi
21、cation of this previously qualified batch of oil,and such additional information on the physical and chemicalproperties of the lubricant as shall enable the purchaser todetect contamination or substitution of product.4.3 Ring Sticking and Piston Deposit TestThe perfor-mance of the candidate oil shal
22、l be equal to, within thespecified tolerances, or better than that of the benchmarkreference oil when run under the conditions required by thisspecification and by Test Method D4857. The benchmarkreference oil used when testing to this specification is ASTM600.44.4 Lubricity TestThe performance of t
23、he candidate oilshall be equal to, within the specified tolerances, or better thanthat of the benchmark reference oil when run under theconditions required by this specification and by Test MethodD4863. The benchmark reference oil required by this specifi-cation is ASTM 600.44.5 Preignition TestNot
24、more than one major preignitioncan occur when running the candidate oil by Test MethodD4858. Report minor preignitions with the temperature in-crease and the time of occurrence in running hours to thenearest 0.1 h. The benchmark reference oil used when testingto this specification is ASTM 601.5NOTE
25、1Find a general description of these benchmark reference oilsin Annex A1.5. Summary of Test Methods5.1 Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits-Test MethodD4857This test is run in a 347 cm3Yamaha RD-350Btwin-cylinder air-cooled motorcycle engine for 20 h, set upwith number one cylinder supplied with a fuel
26、 mix containingthe benchmark reference oil and number two cylinder with afuel mix containing the candidate oil, both at 50:1 fuel to oilratio by volume. The test is normally run twice, exchanging theoils between cylinders for the second run, unless the perfor-mance of the candidate oil exceeds that
27、of the benchmarkreference oil by the margins specified in 6.2.7, in which casethe second run need not be made.5.2 Lubricity-Test Method D4863The procedure is a de-velopment of CEC L-19-T-77, for which test engines are nolonger available. It is run in a Yamaha CE-50 49 cm3single-cylinder air-cooled e
28、ngine supplied with a 150:1 byvolume fuel to oil mix. The engine is brought to equilibrium at4000 rpm wide open throttle (WOT), and the cooling air flowadjusted to give a spark plug gasket temperature of (169 to171) C. The cooling air to the cylinder is then cut off and theoutput torque recorded whe
29、n the plug gasket temperaturereaches 200 C and again when it reaches 350 C, when thecooling air flow is restored. The smaller the reduction in torqueoutput at constant engine speed during this interval, the betterthe ability of the oil to lubricate the piston. Tests are runalternately on the benchma
30、rk reference oil, ASTM 600, and onthe candidate oil. This test does not normally damage theengine.5.3 Preignition-Test Method D4858This is run in a Ya-maha CE-50 engine. For the purposes of this specification theengine is run for 50 h at 4000 rpm at wide open throttle (WOT)using a 20:1 volumetric fu
31、el to oil ratio. The number ofincidences of preignition, as determined by an increase in thetemperature of the combustion chamber over the normalrunning level, is observed.6. Pass-Fail Criteria6.1 All TestsThe performance of the candidate oil shall beas good as, within the tolerance allowed, or bett
32、er than that ofthe benchmark reference oil. Rating procedures are given in thetest methods.6.2 Ring Sticking and Deposit Test :6.2.1 In this test two runs are normally made, exchangingthe oils between cylinders after the first run and the means ofthe ratings for the candidate oil and reference oil a
33、re compared,except that a pass may be given to the candidate oil withoutmaking the second run if all conditions stated in 6.2.8 are met.If the first run of a two run test is conducted with oversizehardware, then conduct the second run on oversize hardware.4Order as Citgo No. 93734 from Citgo Petrole
34、um Corp., 555 East ButterfieldRd., Lombard, IL 60148.5Order from Lubrizol Corp., 29400 Lakeland Boulevard, Wickliffe, OH 44092.D4859 132Conversely, if the first run of a two run test is conducted onstandard size hardware, then also conduct the second run of thetwo part test using standard size hardw
35、are.6.2.2 The occurrence of scuff or seizure in any part of thetest engine, with the candidate oil, shall require the test orcurrent portion of Test Method D4857, to be rerun. If scuff orseizure occurs again with the candidate oil, terminate the test asa failure unless it can be established that the
36、 failures are causedby some deficiency of the equipment. In this case, aftercorrection, the test can be rerun. The occurrence of scuffing orhot stuck rings in the reference oil cylinder shall not result intest invalidation.6.2.3 Second Ring StickingThe mean rating of the secondrings of the candidate
37、 oil pistons shall be not more than 0.5merit number below that of the rings run on the ASTM 600reference oil. Under no circumstances shall there be anyevidence of hot stuck rings in the candidate oil cylinder.6.2.4 Piston Skirt VarnishThe average piston varnishrating of a candidate oil shall be not
38、more than 0.5 meritnumber below that of the ASTM 600 benchmark reference oil.6.2.5 Spark Plug Fouling or Bridging Not more than twomore occurrences per complete test (2 runs) with the candidateoil than with the ASTM 600 benchmark reference oil.6.2.6 PreignitionMore than one occurrence of major pre-i
39、gnition in the candidate oil cylinder shall constitute a failure.6.2.7 Exhaust Port BlockingThe percentage of the ex-haust port area blocked by deposits in either run of the test shallbe not more than 10 % greater for the candidate oil than for theASTM 600 benchmark reference oil.6.2.8 Early Pass Cr
40、iterionA test may be terminated afterthe first run with a pass for the candidate oil if the followingconditions all exist:6.2.8.1 Second ring sticking merit rating for the candidateoil is 9.0 or better, regardless of the second ring stickingperformance of the benchmark reference oil, which can occa-
41、sionally exhibit hot stuck rings.6.2.8.2 The piston varnish rating for the candidate oil isabsolutely (without consideration of tolerance) equal to orbetter than that for the benchmark reference oil.6.2.8.3 There has been no incidence of preignition, major orminor.6.2.8.4 Exhaust port blocking for t
42、he candidate oil is notmore than 5 % greater than for the ASTM 600 benchmarkreference oil.6.2.8.5 There has been not more than one incidence of plugfouling with the candidate oil.6.2.8.6 There is no evidence of scuff, hot stuck rings, orother lubricant-related damage in the candidate oil cylinder.6.
43、2.9 Early Fail CriterionA candidate oil test shall berated as a failure, and may be terminated after the first run, ifthere has been any incidence in the candidate oil cylinder of hotstuck rings, major preignition, or excessive port blockage asdefined in 6.2.7.6.3 Lubricity TestThe average torque dr
44、op observed forthe candidate oil shall be equal to or less than that for thebenchmark reference oil ASTM 600. See the Test MethodD4863 (Annex A4) for the method of computation.6.4 Preignition Test:6.4.1 Major PreignitionNot more than 1 major preignitionwith the candidate oil.6.4.2 Minor PreignitionT
45、he number of minor preignitionsis not a pass-fail criterion due to poor reproducibility, but retestan oil showing six or more minor preignitions involving atemperature increase of 7 C or more but less than 10 C. If thecriterion of 6.4.1 is met on the second test the oil passes.6.4.3 Other Plug Malfu
46、nctionsNot more than one occur-rence of plug fouling or plug whiskering with the candidate oil.7. Keywords7.1 API TC; engine oil; TC; two-cycle; two stroke; two-stroke cycle engine oil; two-stroke cycle engine oil specifica-tionD4859 133ANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. REFERENCE OILSSUMMARY OF CHANGE
47、SSubcommittee D02.B0 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D4859 08) that may impact the use of this standard.(1) Editorial changes were made, applying Form and Style(including SI 10) guidelines.ASTM International takes no position respecting the valid
48、ity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subje
49、ct to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committe
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