1、Designation: D 4863 02An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermination of Lubricity of Two-Stroke-Cycle GasolineEngine Lubricants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4863; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1
3、 This test method2evaluates the ability of lubricants tominimize piston and bore scuffing in two-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gasoline engines.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard
4、 to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 The values stated in SI units are the standard. The valuesin parentheses are provided for information only.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:B 152 Specification
5、for Copper Sheet, Strip, Plate, andRolled Bar3D 439 Specification for Automotive Gasoline4D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids5D 664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric Titration5D 874 Test Method for Sulfated Ash from Lubricating
6、Oilsand Additives5D 2270 Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kine-matic Viscosity at 40 and 100C5D 2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel5D 2885 Test Method for Research and Motor Octane Rat-ings Using On-Line Analyzers5D 2896 Test Method for Base Number of
7、Petroleum Prod-ucts by Potentiometric Perchloric Acid Titration5D 4857 Test Method for Determination of the Ability ofLubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Depositsin Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than Out-boards6D 4858 Test Method for Determination of the Tendency ofLubricants t
8、o Promote Preignition in Two-Stroke-CycleGasoline Engines6E 178 Practice for Dealing with Outlying Observations72.2 Coordinating European Council (CEC) Standard8CEC L-19-T-77 The Evaluation of the Lubricity of Two-Stroke Engine Oils3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 combustion chamberin reciprocati
9、ng internal com-bustion engines, the volume bounded by the piston crown andany portion of the cylinder walls extending above the pistoncrown when in the top dead center position, and the innersurface of the cylinder head including any spark plugs andother inserted components. D 48583.1.2 lubricitya
10、qualitative term describing the ability of alubricant to minimize friction between and damage to surfacesin relative motion under load.3.1.3 preignitionin a spark-ignition engine, ignition ofthe mixture of fuel and air in the combustion chamber beforethe passage of the spark. D 48583.1.4 scuff, scuf
11、fngin lubrication, damage caused byinstantaneous localized welding between surfaces in relativemotion which does not result in immobilization of the parts.3.1.5 spark plug foulingdeposition of essentially noncon-ducting material onto the electrodes of a spark plug that may,but will not necessarily,
12、prevent the plug from operating.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.B0 on Automotive Lubricants.Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2002. Published January 2003. Originallyapproved in
13、1988. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 486300.2Until the next revision of this test method, the ASTM Test Monitoring Centerwill update changes in this test method by means of Information Letters. These canbe obtained from the ASTM Test Monitoring Center, 6555 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh, PA1520
14、64489. ATT: Administrator. This edition incorporates revisions in all Infor-mation Letters through No. 014.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.01.4Discontinued; see 1990 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.7A
15、nnual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.8Order from the Coordinating European Council, 61 New Cavendish Street,London W1M 8AR, England.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 48573.1.6 spark plug whiskering, or spark plug b
16、ridgingadeposit of conductive material on the spark plug electrodeswhich tends to form a bridge between them, thus shorting outthe plug. D 48573.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 benchmark reference oila reference oil that repre-sents an acceptable level of performance with rega
17、rd to theproperty evaluated in an engine test and whose performance inthe test is equaled, within the tolerance allowed, or exceededby that of the non-reference oil.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test has been developed to replace the CEC L-19-T-77 Lubricity Test, for which test engines are no lon
18、geravailable. It is run in a 49 cm3single-cylinder air-cooledtwo-stroke-cycle engine operated at 4000 r/min wide openthrottle (WOT) using a 150:1 mixture of gasoline and oil byvolume. After conditions have stabilized, the cooling air is cutoff. The output torque is measured when the spark plug gaske
19、ttemperature reaches 200C (392F) and again when it reaches350C (662F), at which point the cooling air is restored. Thesmaller the reduction in torque output during this period, thebetter the ability of the oil to lubricate the piston. This test isnot normally damaging to the engine. Sets of five suc
20、htightenings are normally run, using alternately a benchmarkreference oil and the non-reference oil for each set.NOTE 1Pass-fail CriterionThe mean torque drop obtained with acandidate oil shall be the same or less than that with the reference oil ascalculated by the procedures of Annex A4.5. Signifi
21、cance and Use5.1 The oil in a two-stroke-cycle gasoline engine is eithermixed with the fuel prior to use or is metered into the fuelsupply at, or at some point prior to, its passage into the enginecrankcase. The possibility of the amount of oil actually presentin the engine being less than optimum a
22、lways exists. Also, withsome oil metering systems short periods of operation with lessoil than desirable can occur when the power is increasedsuddenly. It has also been found that the incidence of pistonscuff early in the life of the engine may be related to thelubricity of the oil used as defined b
23、y test procedures of thistype.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Engine and Stand:6.1.1 Test Engine ConfigurationA Yamaha CE-50 49 cm3loop-scavenged air-cooled two-stroke-cycle engine is used.This has 40 mm (1.57 in.) bore, 39.2 mm (1.54 in.) stroke, withan aluminum piston operating in a cast iron cylinder bore.
24、Thecylinder head is removable, with a hemispherical combustionchamber. Further details are given in Annex A1. For thepurposes of this test the standard piston-to-bore clearance isincreased as specified in 6.1.2. The engine is no longerproduced. Small quantities of parts can be obtained throughYamaha
25、 dealers. Special arrangements must be made throughYamaha for the production of large quantities of test parts.NOTE 2The engine designation normally includes a final letterindicating the model, such as CE-50S, the model on which this test wasdeveloped. If this model is not available check the suitab
26、ility for this testof available models with the manufacturer.96.1.2 Adjustment of Piston Clearance For the purposes ofthis test method, the cylinder bore shall be honed to give a 0.10to 0.13 mm (0.004 to 0.005 in.) piston skirt diametral clearancewith a 0.45 to 0.7 m (18 to 28 in.) arithmetic mean r
27、oughnessfinish, as specified in A3.4. It is recommended that a number ofcylinders be honed out as it is normally necessary to use a newpiston for each test and a new cylinder after every three tests.The modified cylinders shall be clearly marked as such.(1) The power and specific fuel consumption cu
28、rves at 500r/min intervals over the range from 3000 to 6000 r/min.(2) The spark plug gasket temperatures for each point ofthe power curve.(3) Modified piston clearance, with measurements of thepiston and cylinder bore dimensions. Additional modifiedpiston and cylinder assemblies can also be supplied
29、.(4) Measurements of the piston rings, ring grooves, ringclearances, and ring gaps.6.2 Test StandThe dynamometer shall be able to absorb2.5 kW (3.3 hp) at 4000 r/min with an inherent torquemeasurement accuracy of 60.5 % or better, and be capable ofmaintaining 4000 6 30 r/min with varying power input
30、. Adirect shaft drive or a belt drive from the engine crankshaftmay be used. A complete test stand assembly, as shown in Fig.1, is available.106.3 Cooling BlowerThe original internal engine fan shallbe removed or have its blades machined off. A variabledelivery blower with a free flow capacity of ab
31、out 34 m3/min(1200 ft3/min) of air is recommended. The flow from theblower shall be directed toward the intake side of the engine, asmay be seen in Fig. 1.6.4 Fuel SystemQuick disconnects or other means tofacilitate rapid interchange of fuel supply shall be provided asnear to the carburetor as pract
32、icable. When local regulationspermit their use, outboard portable fuel tanks of about 20 to 25L (5 to 6 gal) capacity and flexible fuel hoses are suitable. Inany case three fuel sources will be needed for a test, one for thenon-reference oil fuel mix, one for the reference oil fuel mix,and one suppl
33、ying test gasoline only with no oil. The tempera-ture of the fuel entering the carburetor shall not exceed 25C(77F), and this may require cooling in hot climates.6.5 Instrumentation:6.5.1 TachometerAn electronic or vibration tachometeraccurate to 625 r/min.6.5.2 Measurement of Ambient ConditionsIt i
34、s assumed inthis section that the engine draws ambient air from the testroom. If it is supplied with air from a controlled source,references to ambient temperature, pressure and humidityapply to the air from the controlled source.6.5.2.1 TemperatureA thermocouple or thermometer shallbe provided to r
35、ead air temperature in the range 10 to 50C (509Obtainable from Engineering and Service Dept., Yamaha International Corp.,P.O. Box 6555, Cypress, CA 90630. Parts, but not complete engines, are obtainablefrom Yamaha motorcycle dealers.10A thermocouple gasket that has been found satisfactory may be obt
36、ained fromLewis Engineering, 238-T Water St., Naugatuck, CT 06770.D4863022to 120F). The overall accuracy of temperature measurement,including that of recorders, shall be within 61C (2F).6.5.2.2 Barometric PressureA barometer measuring thepressure in the test room is required. Its overall accuracy,in
37、cluding the recorder, shall be within 60.1 kPa (0.75 mm Hg).6.5.2.3 HumidityA hygrometer accurate to 63 % or a wetand dry bulb thermometer accurate to 61C (2F) is alsorequired.6.5.2.4 CalibrationCalibrate the tachometer, ambienttemperature, and pressure measurement devices every 90 days.The calibrat
38、ion standard shall be traceable to NIST.6.5.2.5 RecorderContinuous recording of the ambientconditions is recommended.6.5.3 Engine and System Temperatures:6.5.3.1 Spark Plug Gasket TemperatureThe spark pluggasket may be fitted with one or two thermocouples, thenumber depending on the instrumentation
39、used. A design thathas been found satisfactory is described in Appendix X1.106.5.3.2 Exhaust TemperatureA thermocouple is requiredin the exhaust elbow within approximately 65 mm (2.5 in.)from the cylinder exhaust port to monitor exhaust tempera-ture.11The thermocouple junction shall be located withi
40、n 63mm (0.12 in.) of the center of the pipe.6.5.3.3 Spark Plug Gasket and Exhaust TemperatureRecordersThese temperatures shall be recorded using asystem capable of storing the data for later retrieval. Maximuminterval between successive recordings of the spark plug gaskettemperature shall not exceed
41、 1 s, those of the exhaust tempera-ture should not exceed 10 s. A recorder with a range of 40 to750C (100 to 1400F) and an overall accuracy of 61C (2F)is suitable. An alarm or automatic shut-down device may beprovided.6.5.3.4 CalibrationCalibrate the exhaust and spark pluggasket temperature measurem
42、ent devices every 90 days. Thecalibration standard shall be traceable to NIST.7. Materials and Reagents7.1 Test Fuel:7.1.1 Phillips J is the preferred test fuel.12It consistsessentially of hydrocarbons and contains trace amounts only oflead.7.1.2 If Phillips J is not available, use gasoline containi
43、ng0.013 g/L (0.05 g/gal) maximum of lead, free of non-leadmetallic antiknock additives and oxygenated blending compo-nents such as alcohols or ethers, with a minimum MotorOctane number of 82 as determined by Test Method D 2700 orD 2885 and otherwise conforming to the requirements ofSpecification D 4
44、39 Class A or Class B. It may containconventional anticorrosion, anti-icing, and so forth, additivesand oxidation inhibitors in normal concentration. Any suchalternative gasoline shall be tested by the procedure of 9.6before it is adopted as a test fuel as it has been found thatadequate differentiat
45、ion between reference oils cannot beobtained with some fuels, some as isooctane, that otherwisemeet the requirements of this section.7.1.3 About 72 L (19 gal) of fuel are required for a completetest, including 15 L (4 gal) for the break-in.7.2 Reference OilsASTM 604 and 602 reference oils areused fo
46、r calibration purposes.13ASTM 600 reference oil isused for break-in and as an assembly lubricant, and can bespecified as the benchmark reference oil. About 0.4 L (0.1 gal)of each reference oil is required to run a calibration test, and0.4 L (0.1 gal) of 600 for a break-in. The properties of theseoil
47、s are summarized in Annex A2.7.3 Non-reference OilAbout 0.4 L (0.1 gal) is required fora test. At least twice this amount should be provided in case thetest is rerun.8. Procedure8.1 Assembly of Engine:8.1.1 Initial BuildThe test engine is initially built upusing a new piston, rings, cylinder (modifi
48、ed as specified in11A suitable instrument is available from Omega Engineering Inc., P.O. Box4047, One Omega Dr., Stanford, CT 06907.12Available from Phillips Chemical Co., Specialty Chemicals, P. O. Box 968,Borger, TX 79008-0968.13Available from ASTM Test Monitoring Center, 6555 Penn Ave., Pittsburg
49、h, PA152064489.FIG. 1 Test StandD48630236.1.2), and cylinder base and head gaskets (see Annex A3). Thetest is not sensitive to compression ratio and this need not bedetermined.8.1.2 Rebuild After TestIt is not necessary to use newparts after each test other than gaskets, a new piston, newpiston rings and a new or reconditioned muffler, provided thatall parts are clean and within specification with no sign ofdamage. The cylinder will usually require replacement after 3to 5 complete tests (approximately 60 tightenings). After 125 to175
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