1、Designation: D 4868 00 (Reapproved 2005)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forEstimation of Net and Gross Heat of Combustion of Burnerand Diesel Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4868; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforig
2、inal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the gross andnet hea
3、t of combustion in SI units, megajoules per kilogram, ofpetroleum fuels from the fuel density, sulfur, water, and ashcontent.NOTE 1The equation for estimation of net and gross heat of combus-tion used in this method were originally published by the NIST Publica-tion No. 97.1.2 This test method is es
4、pecially useful for estimating,using a minimum number of tests, the heat of combustion ofburner and diesel fuels for which it is not usually critical toobtain very precise heat determinations.NOTE 2More accurate estimation methods are available for aviationfuels (Test Methods D 1405 and D 3338, and
5、D 4529). However, thoseestimation methods require additional tests to those required in this testmethod.1.3 This test method is purely empirical (Note 1). It isapplicable only to liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived by normalrefining processes from conventional crude oil that conform tothe requirements
6、of specifications for petroleum fuels asdescribed in Note 3. This test method is valid for those fuels inthe density range from 750 to 1000 kg/m3and those that do notcontain an unusually high aromatic content. High aromaticcontent fuels will not normally meet fuel specification criteria.NOTE 3The es
7、timation of the heat of combustion of a hydrocarbonfuel from its density and sulfur, water, and ash content is justifiable onlywhen the fuel belongs to well-defined classes for which a relationshipbetween these quantities have been derived from accurate experimentalmeasurements on representative sam
8、ples of these classes. Even in theseclasses, the possibility that the estimate may be in error by large amountsfor individual fuels should be recognized. This test method has been testedfor a limited number of fuels from oil sand bitumen and shale oil originand has been found to be valid. The classe
9、s of fuels used to establish thecorrelation presented in this test method are represented by the followingapplications:Fuel SpecificationFuel OilsGrades 1, 2, 4 (light), 4, 5 (light), 5 (heavy), and 6 D 396DieselGrades 1-D, 2-D, and 4-d D 975Aviation TurbineJet A, Jet A-1, and Jet B D 1655Gas Turbin
10、eGrades 0-GT, 1-GT, 2-GT, 3-GT and 4-GT D 2880KerosineGrades 1-K and 2-K D 36991.4 This test method is not applicable to pure hydrocarbons.It is not intended as a substitute for experimental measurementsof heat of combustion (Note 4).NOTE 4The procedures for the experimental determination of thegros
11、s and net heats of combustion are described in Test Methods D 240and D 4809.1.5 The values stated in acceptable SI units are to beregarded as the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of
12、this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD 129 Test Method for Sulfur i
13、n Petroleum Products (Gen-eral Bomb Method)D 240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb CalorimeterD 396 Specification for Fuel OilsD 482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD 975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Produ
14、cts(Lamp Method)D 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer Method1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibilit
15、y of SubcommitteeD02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 4868 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact
16、 ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 1405 Test Method for Es
17、timation of Net Heat of Com-bustion of Aviation FuelsD 1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density(Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pyc-nometerD 1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density(Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicap-illary PycnometerD 1552 Tes
18、t Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(High-Temperature Method)D 1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine FuelsD 1744 Test Method for Water in Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Karl Fischer ReagentD 1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils bythe Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)D 26
19、22 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD 2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel OilsD 3338 Test Method for Estimation of Heat of Combustionof Aviation FuelsD 3699 Specification for KerosineD 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative De
20、nsity ofLiquids by Digital Density MeterD 4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byEnergy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence SpectroscopyD 4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Com-bustion of Aviation FuelsD 4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Ca
21、lorimeter (IntermediatePrecision Method)D 5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Motor Fuels and Oils by UltravioletFluorescence2.2 NIST Standard:3NIST Publication No. 97 Thermal Properties of PetroleumProducts3. Summary of Test Method3.1 The density and sulfur, wat
22、er, and ash content of thesample are determined by experimental test methods. The heatof combustion is calculated using the values obtained by thesetest methods based on reported correlations.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is intended for use in cases where anexperimental determination
23、of heat of combustion is notavailable and cannot be made conveniently, and where anestimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as asubstitute for experimental measurement of heat of combus-tion.5. Procedure5.1 Determine the density to the nearest 0.1 kg/m3asdescribed in Practice D 1298,
24、and Test Methods D 1480,D 1481 or D 4052.5.2 Determine the sulfur content of the sample to the nearest0.01 mass % sulfur as described in Test Methods D 129,D 1266, D 1552, D 2622, D 4294, or D 5453.5.3 Determine the water content of the sample to the nearest0.05 mass % water as described in Test Met
25、hods D 95, D 1744,or D 1796.5.4 Determine the ash content of the sample to two signifi-cant figures as described in Test Method D 482.6. Calculation6.1 Calculate the gross heat of combustion of the fuelcorrected for the sulfur, water and ash content in accordancewith the following equation:Qvgross!5
26、51.916 2 8.792 d23 1026!1 2 x 1 y 1 s!# 1 9.420s (1)where:Qv= gross heat of combustion at constant volume, MJ/kg,d = density at 15C, kg/m3,x = mass fraction of water (% divided by 100),y = mass fraction of ash (% divided by 100), ands = mass fraction of sulfur (% divided by 100).6.2 Calculate the ne
27、t heat of combustion of the fuel cor-rected for the sulfur, water and ash content in accordance withthe following equation:Qpnet!546.423 2 8.792 d23 10261 3.170d 3 1023!1 2 x 1 y 1 s!# 1 9.420s 2 2.449x (2)where:Qp= net heat of combustion at constant pressure, MJ/kg,7. Report7.1 Report the result as
28、 the estimated gross or net heat ofcombustion in MJ/kg to the nearest 0.01.8. Precision and Bias8.1 PrecisionThe precision4of the estimated values willbe dependent upon the accuracy of the determined density andsulfur, water and ash contents. The following precision is theaggregate precision of the
29、measurements used to calculate theheat content by (Eq 1) and (Eq 2) and does not indicate theprecision of the heat content of an individual sample. Thatprecision is estimated in Note 4. When using data on thedensity, sulfur, water and ash content of a fuel determined byTest Methods D 4052, D 4294, D
30、 1796, and D 482, respec-tively, the following criteria shall be used for judging theacceptability of estimated heat of combustion results.8.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between successive re-sults obtained by the same operator with the same apparatusunder constant operating conditions on identic
31、al test materialwould, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation ofthe test method exceed the following value only in one case intwenty:Repeatability 0.05 MJ/kg3Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100Bureau Dr., Stop 3460, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-3460.4Sup
32、porting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: RR:D02-1233.D 4868 00 (2005)28.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two singleand independent results, obtained by different operators work-ing in different laboratories on ident
33、ical test material would, inthe long run, and in the normal and correct operation of the testmethod, exceed the following value only in one case in twenty:Reproducibility 0.15 MJ/kg8.2 BiasBias cannot be determined for the procedure inTest Method D 4868 since the data used to determine thecorrelatio
34、n cannot be compared with accepted reference mate-rials.NOTE 5The correlation equations were tested using 199 present dayfuels. The data is included in ASTM Research Report RR:D02-1233.About 95 % of the calculated data were within 0.35 MJ/kg of measuredheats of combustion.9. Keywords9.1 burner fuels
35、; diesel fuels; gross heat of combustion;heat energy; heat of combustion; heating tests; net heat ofcombustionASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised
36、 that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either rea
37、pproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If yo
38、u feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 4868 00 (2005)3
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