1、Designation: D4868 00 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Test Method forEstimation of Net and Gross Heat of Combustion of Burnerand Diesel Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4868; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the gross andnet heat of combustion in SI units, meg
3、ajoules per kilogram, ofpetroleum fuels from the fuel density, sulfur, water, and ashcontent.NOTE 1The equation for estimation of net and gross heat of combus-tion used in this method were originally published by the NIST Publica-tion No. 97.1.2 This test method is especially useful for estimating,u
4、sing a minimum number of tests, the heat of combustion ofburner and diesel fuels for which it is not usually critical toobtain very precise heat determinations.NOTE 2More accurate estimation methods are available for aviationfuels (Test Methods D1405, D4529,and D3338). However, those estima-tion met
5、hods require additional tests to those required in this test method.1.3 This test method is purely empirical (Note 1). It isapplicable only to liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived by normalrefining processes from conventional crude oil that conform tothe requirements of specifications for petroleum fuel
6、s asdescribed in Note 3. This test method is valid for those fuels inthe density range from 750 to 1000 kg/m3and those that do notcontain an unusually high aromatic content. High aromaticcontent fuels will not normally meet fuel specification criteria.NOTE 3The estimation of the heat of combustion o
7、f a hydrocarbonfuel from its density and sulfur, water, and ash content is justifiable onlywhen the fuel belongs to well-defined classes for which a relationshipbetween these quantities have been derived from accurate experimentalmeasurements on representative samples of these classes. Even in these
8、classes, the possibility that the estimate may be in error by large amountsfor individual fuels should be recognized. This test method has been testedfor a limited number of fuels from oil sand bitumen and shale oil originand has been found to be valid. The classes of fuels used to establish thecorr
9、elation presented in this test method are represented by the followingapplications:Fuel SpecificationFuel OilsGrades 1, 2, 4 (light), 4, 5 (light), 5 (heavy), and 6 D396DieselGrades 1-D, 2-D, and 4-d D975Aviation TurbineJet A, Jet A-1, and Jet B D1655Gas TurbineGrades 0-GT, 1-GT, 2-GT, 3-GT and 4-GT
10、 D2880KerosineGrades 1-K and 2-K D36991.4 This test method is not applicable to pure hydrocarbons.It is not intended as a substitute for experimental measurementsof heat of combustion (Note 4).NOTE 4The procedures for the experimental determination of thegross and net heats of combustion are describ
11、ed in Test Methods D240 andD4809.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user o
12、f this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD129 Test Method for Sulfur
13、in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral Bomb Method)D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb CalorimeterD396 Specification for Fuel OilsD482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(
14、Lamp Method)1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published May 2010. Originallyappr
15、oved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D486800 (2005).DOI: 10.1520/D4868-00R10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Docume
16、nt Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
17、D1405 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnom-eterD1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapil
18、laryPycnometerD1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(High-Temperature Method)D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine FuelsD1744 Standard Test Method for Determination of Water inLiquid Petroleum Products by Karl Fischer Reagent3D1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils bythe
19、 Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel OilsD3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD3699 Specification for Kerosin
20、eD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD4809
21、Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (PrecisionMethod)D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence2.2 NIST Standard:4NIST Publication No
22、. 97 Thermal Properties of PetroleumProducts3. Summary of Test Method3.1 The density and sulfur, water, and ash content of thesample are determined by experimental test methods. The heatof combustion is calculated using the values obtained by thesetest methods based on reported correlations.4. Signi
23、ficance and Use4.1 This test method is intended for use in cases where anexperimental determination of heat of combustion is notavailable and cannot be made conveniently, and where anestimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as asubstitute for experimental measurement of heat of combus
24、-tion.5. Procedure5.1 Determine the density to the nearest 0.1 kg/m3asdescribed in Practice D1298, and Test Methods D1480, D1481or D4052.5.2 Determine the sulfur content of the sample to the nearest0.01 mass % sulfur as described in Test Methods D129, D1266,D1552, D2622, D4294,orD5453.5.3 Determine
25、the water content of the sample to the nearest0.05 mass % water as described in Test Methods D95, D1744,or D1796.5.4 Determine the ash content of the sample to two signifi-cant figures as described in Test Method D482.6. Calculation6.1 Calculate the gross heat of combustion of the fuelcorrected for
26、the sulfur, water and ash content in accordancewith the following equation:Qvgross!551.916 2 8.792 d23 1026!1 2 x 1 y 1 s!# 1 9.420s (1)where:Qv= gross heat of combustion at constant volume, MJ/kg,d = density at 15C, kg/m3,x = mass fraction of water (% divided by 100),y = mass fraction of ash (% div
27、ided by 100), ands = mass fraction of sulfur (% divided by 100).6.2 Calculate the net heat of combustion of the fuel cor-rected for the sulfur, water and ash content in accordance withthe following equation:Qpnet!546.423 2 8.792 d23 10261 3.170d 3 1023!1 2 x 1 y 1 s!# 1 9.420s 2 2.449x (2)where:Qp=
28、net heat of combustion at constant pressure, MJ/kg,7. Report7.1 Report the result as the estimated gross or net heat ofcombustion in MJ/kg to the nearest 0.01.8. Precision and Bias8.1 PrecisionThe precision5of the estimated values willbe dependent upon the accuracy of the determined density andsulfu
29、r, water and ash contents. The following precision is theaggregate precision of the measurements used to calculate theheat content by (Eq 1) and (Eq 2) and does not indicate theprecision of the heat content of an individual sample. Thatprecision is estimated in Note 4. When using data on thedensity,
30、 sulfur, water and ash content of a fuel determined byTest Methods D4052, D4294, D1796, and D482, respectively,the following criteria shall be used for judging the acceptabilityof estimated heat of combustion results.8.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between successive re-sults obtained by the same
31、operator with the same apparatusunder constant operating conditions on identical test material3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg,
32、MD 20899-1070, http:/www.nist.gov.5Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:RR:D02-1233.D4868 00 (2010)2would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation ofthe test method exceed the following value only in one c
33、ase intwenty:Repeatability 0.05 MJ/kg8.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two singleand independent results, obtained by different operators work-ing in different laboratories on identical test material would, inthe long run, and in the normal and correct operation of the testmethod, exceed t
34、he following value only in one case in twenty:Reproducibility 0.15 MJ/kg8.2 BiasBias cannot be determined for the procedure inTest Method D4868 since the data used to determine thecorrelation cannot be compared with accepted reference mate-rials.NOTE 5The correlation equations were tested using 199
35、present dayfuels. The data is included in ASTM Research Report RR:D02-1233.About 95 % of the calculated data were within 0.35 MJ/kg of measuredheats of combustion.9. Keywords9.1 burner fuels; diesel fuels; gross heat of combustion;heat energy; heat of combustion; heating tests; net heat ofcombustion
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39、ee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D4868 00 (2010)3
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