1、Designation: D4886 10 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Geotextiles (Sand Paper/SlidingBlock Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4886; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of resistanceof geotextiles to abrasion using an abrasion
3、 tester. This testmethod at this point has only been evaluated for geotextilesnot geomembranes, grids, etc. Therefore, the test method isdesignated for geotextiles, not geosynthetics, as all productsmay not lend themselves to this test method for abrasion. Iflater developments indicate a wider scope
4、 for this test method,appropriate changes will be made.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in inch-pound units are provided asinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is
5、 theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Te
6、xtilesD4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and RolledErosion Control Products(RECPs) for TestingD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation ofTextile Fabrics (Strip Method)3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of other terms used in this test method,ref
7、er to Terminologies D123 or D4439.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 abrasion, nthe wearing away of any part of amaterial by rubbing against another surface. D1233.2.2 loss in breaking force, npercent comparison ofbreaking force before and after abrasion.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A test specimen, mounted on a
8、 stationary platform isrubbed by an abradant with specified surface characteristics.Under controlled conditions of pressure and abrasive action,the abradant is rubbed on a horizontal axis using a uniaxionalmotion. Resistance to abrasions is expressed as a percentage oforiginal strength before abradi
9、ng.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method may be used for acceptance testing ofcommercial shipments of geotextiles, but caution is advisedsince information on the precision of the test is lacking.Comparative testing as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from d
10、ifferences inreported test results when using this test method, the purchaserand the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determineif there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Compe-tent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigationof bias. As a minimum, the two p
11、arties should take a group oftest specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that arefrom a lot of material of the type in question. The testspecimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbersto each laboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories should be compar
12、ed using Students t-test forunpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by thetwo parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, eitherits cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of theknown bias.5
13、.2 The resistance of abrasion is also greatly affected by theconditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant, variableaction of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, thetension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimenand abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specim
14、ens.5.3 The resistance of geotextile materials to abrasion asmeasured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generallyonly one of several factors contributing to performance or1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Sub
15、committee D35.02 on Endur-ance Properties.Current edition approved June 1, 2016. Published June 2016. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4486 10. DOI:10.1520/D4886-10R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer
16、Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1durability as experienced in the actual u
17、se of the material.While “abrasion resistance” and“ durability” are frequentlyrelated, the relationship varies with different end uses, anddifferent factors may be necessary in any calculation ofpredicted durability from specific abrasion data. Laboratorytests may be reliable as an indication of rel
18、ative end-useperformance in cases where the difference in abrasion resis-tance of various materials is large, but they should not be reliedupon for prediction of actual in-situation life in specific enduses unless there are data showing the specific relationshipbetween laboratory abrasion tests and
19、actual in-situation life inthe intended end-use.5.4 These general observations apply to all types of fabrics,including woven, nonwoven, and knit fabrics.5.5 If there is a disagreement arising from differences invalues reported by the purchaser and the seller when using thistest method for acceptance
20、 testing, the statistical bias, if any,between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory ofthe seller should be determined with each comparison beingbased on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sam-pling unit of material of the type being evaluated.6. Apparatus6.1 Abrasion Tester,3hav
21、ing the following essential parts:6.1.1 Balanced Head and Block AssemblyThe assemblyshould be two parallel, smooth plates, one of which makes areciprocating motion. The speed of the reciprocating plateshould be adjustable between 10 and 115 double strokes perminute. The stroke length should be 25 mm
22、 (1 in.). The secondplate is rigidly supported by a double-lever assembly toprovide free movement in a direction perpendicular to thereciprocating plate. This plate is stationary during the test andmust be well balanced so that a vertical load can be maintainedby means of dead weights. Both plates a
23、re equipped withclamps at each end to hold the test sample and the abradingmedium. The clamps have gripping surfaces adequate toprevent slippage of the specimen or the abrading materialduring the test.6.1.2 IndicatorMeans should be provided for indicatingthe number of cycles (1 cycle = 1 double stro
24、ke).6.1.3 WeightsWeights should be provided for applying avertical load to the specimen.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing, orroutine product evaluation, take at random the number of rollsof fabric directed in an applicable material specification orother agreement betwee
25、n the purchaser and the supplier, suchas agreement to use Practice D4354. Consider rolls of fabric tobe the primary sampling unit.NOTE 1Abrasion testing is a nonroutine quality control test forgeotextiles and will not normally be performed on every lot by themanufacturer or supplier. When testing fo
26、r abrasion is performed,however, the sampling should be as described in Section 7.7.2 Laboratory SampleTake for the laboratory sample, aswatch extending the width of the fabric and approximately1 m (39 in.) along the selvage from each roll in the lot sample.The swatch may be taken from the end porti
27、on of a rollprovided there is no evidence that it is distorted or differentfrom other portions of the roll. In cases of dispute, take aswatch that will exclude fabric from the outer wrap of the rollor the inner wrap around the core.7.3 Test SpecimensFrom each swatch in the laboratorysample, prepare
28、two sets of specimens each containing fivespecimens. Cut rectangular specimens 75 by 200 6 1mm(3by8 6116 in.). Cut the set of specimens to be tested in themachine direction with the longer dimension parallel to themachine direction and the set of specimens to be tested in thecross-machine direction
29、with the longer dimension in thecross-machine direction. Take each set of specimens from aswatch along a diagonal so that they will be taken fromdifferent positions across the length and width of the swatch.Take no specimens nearer to the selvage than120 th of thefabric width or 150 mm (6 in.), whic
30、hever is the smaller.8. Conditioning8.1 Bring the specimens to moisture equilibrium in theatmosphere for testing geotextiles. Equilibrium is considered tohave been reached when the increase in mass of the specimenin successive weighings made at intervals of not less than 2 hdoes not exceed 0.1 % of
31、the mass of the specimen.NOTE 2It is recognized that in practice geotextile materials arefrequently not weighed to determine when moisture equilibrium has beenreached. While such a procedure cannot be accepted in cases of dispute,it may be sufficient in routine testing to expose the material to the
32、standardatmosphere for testing for a reasonable period of time before thespecimens are tested. A time of at least 24 h has been found acceptable inmost cases. However, certain fibers may show slow equalization rateswhen they are received on the wet side of equilibrium. When it is knownthat a fiber l
33、oses moisture slowly when approaching equilibrium from thewet side, a preconditioning cycle, as described in Practice D1776, may beagreed upon between contractual parties.8.2 Immerse specimens to be tested in the wet condition inwater, maintained at a temperature of 21 6 2C (70 6 4F).The time of imm
34、ersion must be sufficient to wet-out thespecimens thoroughly, as indicated by no significant change instrength or elongation following a longer period of immersion,and at least 2 min. To obtain thorough wetting, it may benecessary or advisable to add not more than 0.05 % of anonionic neutral wetting
35、 agent to the water.9. Procedure9.1 Test the conditioned specimen in the standard atmo-sphere for testing geotextiles, as described in Section 8 of thistest method.9.2 Place the specimen to be tested in the upper (stationary)plate and secure it by means of the clamp at each end of theplate. Place th
36、e abrading medium on the lower (reciprocating)plate and secure it by means of the clamp at each end of theplate. Use Emory cloth equal to 100-grit as the abradingmedium unless specified otherwise by a material specification.3The sole source of supply of the abrasion tester known to the committee at
37、thistime is Custom Scientific Instrument Inc., 13 Wing Drive, Cedar Knolls, NJ 07927.If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTMInternational Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical committee,1whic
38、h you may attend.D4886 10 (2016)2NOTE 3When testing nonwoven geotextiles, secure the edges of thetest specimen to the stationary plate by using double-back tape or someother type adhesive. This prevents deformation (“neckdown”) of thespecimen during the abrasion test.9.3 Lower the top plate onto the
39、 bottom plate by releasingthe support pin for the top plate. Be sure the abrading mediumand the specimen are properly aligned.9.4 Load the pressure (top) plate with a 1-kg load unlessspecified otherwise by a material specification.9.5 Start the tester and operate at a speed of 30 cpm unlessspecified
40、 otherwise in an applicable material specification.9.6 Operate the tester at the specified speed for 250 cyclesor as agreed upon in an applicable materials specification oruntil the specimen ruptures.NOTE 4If a specimen ruptures before the specified number of cyclesis reached, report that the specim
41、en ruptured and the number of cyclescompleted at the time of rupture.9.7 If the specimen or the abrading material slips in theclamps, discard the specimen and test another specimen afteradjustments are made.9.8 Check the abrading medium for wear after each test.Replace every 1250 cycles (5 specimens
42、) or as needed toaccommodate wear.9.9 Determine the end point by the following method:9.9.1 Percentage Loss in Breaking LoadAbrade the speci-men a specified number of cycles, after which determine thebreaking load using the 50-mm (2-in.) raveled-strip or cut-stripprocedure in Test Method D5035, with
43、 the exception of a gagelength of 100 mm (4 in.) and an extension rate of 300 mm(12 in.) min. The abraded area of the specimen should beplaced midway between the clamps of the machine. Comparethis breaking load with the breaking load determined under thesame conditions on an unabraded portion of the
44、 sample.Calculate the loss in breaking load and report to the nearest1.0 % using Eq 1:Loss in breaking force, % 5 100 A 2 B!/A (1)where:A = breaking load before abrasion, andB = breaking load after abrasion.10. Report10.1 Report that the tests were performed as directed in TestMethod D4886. Describe
45、 the material(s) or product(s) sampledand the method of sampling used.10.2 Report the following applicable items:10.2.1 Average of the loss in breaking load, in percent, foreach direction,10.2.2 Test conditions if different from those specified inthis test method,10.2.3 Number of specimens tested fo
46、r each direction,10.2.4 Number of specimens which ruptured, if any, beforethe specified number of cycles was reached and the number ofcycles completed before rupture, and10.2.5 Any modification of test specimens as manufactured,or test method as described.11. Precision and Bias11.1 PrecisionThe prec
47、ision of this test method is beingestablished.11.2 BiasThe procedure in this test method has no biasbecause the value of that property can be defined only in termsof a test method.12. Keywords12.1 abrasion resistance; geotextilesASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any pat
48、ent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision
49、 at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown
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