1、Designation: D 4914 99Standard Test Methods forDensity of Soil and Rock in Place by the Sand ReplacementMethod in a Test Pit1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4914; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope *1.1 These test methods cover the determination of thein-place density and unit weight of soil and rock us
3、ing apouring device and calibrated sand to determine the volume ofa test pit. The word “rock in these test methods is used toimply that the material being tested will typically containparticles larger than 3 in. (75 mm).1.2 These test methods are best suited for test pits with avolume of from 1 to 6
4、 ft3(0.03 and 0.17 m3). In general, thematerials tested would have a maximum particle size of 3 to 5in. (75 to 125 mm).1.2.1 These test methods may be used for larger sizedexcavations if desirable. However, for larger sized excavations,Test Method D 5030 is preferred.1.2.2 Test Method D 1556 or D 21
5、67 are usually used todetermine the volume of test holes smaller than 1 ft3(0.03 m3).While the equipment illustrated in these test methods is usedfor volumes less than 1 ft3(0.03 m3), the test methods allowlarger versions of the equipment to be used when necessary.1.3 Two test methods are provided a
6、s follows:1.3.1 Test Method AIn-Place Density and Unit Weight ofTotal Material (Section 9).1.3.2 Test Method BIn-Place Density and Unit Weight ofControl Fraction (Section 10).1.4 Selection of Test Methods:1.4.1 Test Method A is used when the in-place unit weightof total material is to be determined.
7、 Test Method A can also beused to determine percent compaction or percent relativedensity when the maximum particle size present in the in-placematerial being tested does not exceed the maximum particlesize allowed in the laboratory compaction test (refer to TestMethods D 698, D 1557, D 4253, and D
8、4254). For TestMethods D 698 and D 1557 only, the unit weight determined inthe laboratory compaction test may be corrected for largerparticle sizes in accordance with, and subject to the limitationsof Practice D 4718.1.4.2 Test Method B is used when percent compaction orpercent relative density is t
9、o be determined and the in-placematerial contains particles larger than the maximum particlesize allowed in the laboratory compaction test or when PracticeD 4718 is not applicable for the laboratory compaction test.Then the material is considered to consist of two fractions, orportions. The material
10、 from the in-place unit weight test isphysically divided into a control fraction and an oversizefraction based on a designated sieve size. The unit weight ofthe control fraction is calculated and compared with the unitweight(s) established by the laboratory compaction test(s).1.4.2.1 Because of poss
11、ible lower densities created whenthere is particle interference (see Practice D 4718), the percentcompaction of the control fraction should not be assumed torepresent the percent compaction of the total material in thefield.1.4.3 Normally, the control fraction is the minus No. 4 sievesize material f
12、or cohesive or nonfree draining materials and theminus 3-in. sieve size material for cohesionless, free-drainingmaterials. While other sizes are used for the control fraction(38,34-in.), these test methods have been prepared using onlythe No. 4 and the 3-in. sieve sizes for clarity.1.5 Any materials
13、 that can be excavated with handtools canbe tested provided that the void or pore openings in the massare small enough (or a liner is used) to prevent the calibratedsand used in the test from entering the natural voids. Thematerial being tested should have sufficient cohesion or particleinterlocking
14、 to maintain stable sides during excavation of thetest pit and through completion of this test. It should also befirm enough not to deform or slough due to the minor pressuresexerted in digging the hole and pouring the sand.1.6 These test methods are generally limited to material inan unsaturated co
15、ndition and are not recommended for mate-rials that are soft or friable (crumble easily) or in a moisturecondition such that water seeps into the hand-excavated hole.The accuracy of the test methods may be affected for materialsthat deform easily or that may undergo volume change in theexcavated hol
16、e from standing or walking near the hole duringthe test.1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.7.1 In the engineering profession it is customary to useunits representing both mass and force interchangeabl
17、y, unlessdynamic calculations (F 5 Ma) are involved. This implicitly1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-18 onSoil and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Specialand Construction Control Tests.Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1999. Publishe
18、d January 2000. Originallypublished as D 4914 89. Last previous edition D 4914 89 (1994)e1.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United Sbines two separate systems of units, that is, the absolutesys
19、tem and the gravimetric system. It is scientifically undesir-able to combine the use of two separate systems within a singlestandard. These test methods have been written using inch-pound units (gravimetric system) where the pound (lbf) repre-sents a unit of force (weight). However, conversions are
20、givenin the SI system. The use of balances or scales recordingpounds of mass (lbm), or the recording of density in lbm/ft3should not be regarded as nonconformance with these testmethods.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is th
21、eresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardsstatements, see Sections 7 and A1.5.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 127 Test Method for Specific
22、 Gravity and Absorption ofCoarse Aggregate2C 566 Test Method for Total Moisture Content of Aggregateby Drying2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluids3D 698 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ftlbf/ft3(600kNm/m3)3D 1556 T
23、est Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil inPlace by the Sand-Cone Method3D 1557 Test Method Laboratory Compaction Characteris-tics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700kN-m/m3)3D 2167 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil inPlace by the Rubber Balloon Method3D 2216 M
24、ethod for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock3D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and Construction3D 4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and UnitWeight of
25、Soils Using a Vibratory Table3D 4254 Test Method for Minimum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density3D 4718 Practice for Correction of Unit Weight and WaterContent for Soils Containing Oversize Particles3D 4753 Specification for Evaluating, Selecting, and Speci-fyin
26、g Balances and Scales for Use in Testing Soil Rock,and Related Construction Materials3D 5030 Test Method for Density of Soil and Rock in Placeby the Water Replacement Method in a Test Pit4E 11 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Pur-poses53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Except as fol
27、lows in 3.2, all definitions are in accor-dance with Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 control fractionthe portion of a soil sample consist-ing of particles smaller than a designated sieve size.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThis fraction is used to compare in-place unit
28、weights with unit weights obtained from standardlaboratory tests. The control sieve size depends on the labora-tory test used.3.2.2 oversize particlesthe portion of a soil sample con-sisting of the particles larger than a designated sieve size.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The ground surface at the t
29、est location is prepared and atemplate (metal frame) is placed and fixed into position. Thevolume of the space between the top of the template and theground surface is determined by filling the space with cali-brated sand using a pouring device. The mass of the sandrequired to fill the template in p
30、lace is determined and the sandremoved. Material from within the boundaries of the templateis excavated forming a pit. Calibrated sand is then poured intothe pit and template; the mass of sand within the pit and thevolume of the hole are determined. The wet density of thein-place material is calcula
31、ted from the mass of materialremoved and the measured volume of the test pit. The moisturecontent is determined and the dry unit weight of the in-placematerial is calculated.4.2 The unit weight of a control fraction of the material canbe determined by subtracting the mass and volume of anyoversize p
32、articles from the initial values and recalculating theunit weight.5. Significance and Use5.1 These test methods are used to determine the in-placeunit weight of compacted materials in construction of earthembankments, road fills, and structure backfill. For construc-tion control, these test methods
33、are often used as the bases foracceptance of material compacted to a specified unit weight orto a percentage of a maximum unit weight determined by astandard laboratory test method (such as determined from TestMethod D 698 or D 1557), subject to the limitations discussedin 1.4.5.2 These test methods
34、 can be used to determine thein-place unit weight of natural soil deposits, aggregates, soilmixtures, or other similar material.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities us
35、ed. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection. Users of these test methods arecautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself ensurereliable results. Reliable results depends on many fact
36、ors; Practice D 3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Balance or ScaleA balance (or scale) to determine themass of the calibrated sand and the excavated soil having a2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.4Annual Book of
37、 ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.D 49142minimum capacity of 50 lbm (20 kg) and meeting the require-ments of Specification D 4753 for a balance of 0.01-lbm (1-g)readability.6.2 Balance or ScaleA balance (or scale) to determinemoisture content of minus No. 4 materia
38、l having a minimumcapacity of 1000 g and meeting the requirements of Specifi-cation D 4753 for a balance of 0.1 g readability.6.3 Drying OvenAn oven, thermostatically controlled,preferably of the forced-draft type, and capable of maintaininga uniform temperature of 110 6 5C throughout the dryingcham
39、ber.6.4 SievesNo. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve and 3-in. (75-mm)sieve, conforming to the requirements of Specification E 11.6.5 Metal TemplateA square or circular template to serveas a pattern for the excavation. Template dimensions, shapes,and material may vary according to the size of the test pit to beexcav
40、ated. The template shall be rigid enough not to deflect orbend.NOTE 2The template shown in Fig. 1 represents a design that hasbeen found suitable for this purpose.6.6 Liner, approximately12-mil thick and large enough toline the test pit with about 1 ft (0.3 m) extending beyond theoutside of the temp
41、late. Any type of material, plastic sheeting,etc., can be used as long as it is flexible enough to conform tothe ground surface.6.7 Sand Pouring Devices(See Fig. 2 for typical devices.)Many types of pouring devices are available. The device musthave a spout that will reach into a field test pit so t
42、hat the dropdistance from the end of the spout to the sand surface can bemaintained at about 2 in. (50 mm). The inside diameter of thespout must also be large enough to allow free flow of the sandwithout clogging.6.8 Metal Straightedge, about 2 in. (50 mm) high, at least18in. (3 mm) thick, and with
43、a length 1.5 times the side length(or diameter) of the metal template, used for screeding excesssand placed in template. It must have a thickness or rigidityslweguch that it will not bend when screeding the sand.6.9 SandThe sand must be clean, dry, uniform, unce-mented, durable, and free flowing. Th
44、e gradation, physicalcharacteristics, selection, and storage of the sand shall meet therequirements of Test Method D 1556 except that the maximumparticle size may be No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.6.9.1 If the test methods are used for test pits larger thanabout 6 ft3(0.17 m3), a one-size material relatively
45、 free of finesand of a larger particle size, such as pea gravel, may be used.6.10 Miscellaneous EquipmentShovels for preparing testsurface; hammer for seating template; assorted small brushes,picks, chisels, bars, knives, and spoons for digging test pit;buckets with lids, seamless cans with lids, or
46、 other suitablecontainers for retaining the test sample and sand withoutmoisture change; bags or other suitable containers for wastesand; cloth for collecting excess sand or soil; and assorted pansand porcelain dishes suitable for drying moisture contentspecimens.7. Hazards7.1 Precaution:7.1.1 These
47、 test methods may involve handling heavy loads.7.1.2 Some sands used in the procedures outlined hereinmay be dusty and appropriate precautions should be takenwhen mixing and pouring.7.2 Caution:7.2.1 Materials that may flow or deform during the test mustbe identified and appropriate precautions take
48、n.7.2.2 Movement of heavy equipment in the immediate testarea should not be permitted during the volume determination.7.2.3 Errors may arise in the computed unit weight ofmaterial due to the influence of excessive moisture in the soil.These errors may be significant in materials with high perme-abil
49、ity, such as sands and gravels, where the bottom of the testhole is close to or below the water table. Errors may also arisedue to change in density of the calibrated sand as it becomeswetted from capillary or freestanding water while performingthe test. This problem becomes evident when removing thecalibrated sand from the test hole and wet sand is observed onthe bottom or sides of the test hole. When a liner is used, thebuoyant forces of free water beneath or behind the liner mayadversely affect the volume determination.7.2.4 Suitably protect the te
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