1、Designation: D 4982 95 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Test Methods forFlammability Potential Screening Analysis of Waste1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4982; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods are used to indicate the fire-producing or fire-sustaining potential of wastes. The following
3、test methods can be applied to waste liquids, sludges, or solids:SectionsTest Method ATest Sample Exposed to Heat and Flame 7-9Test Method BTest Sample Exposed to Spark Source 10 and 111.2 These test methods should be used to measure anddescribe the properties of materials, in response to heat andfl
4、ame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not beused to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk ofmaterials under actual fire conditions. However, results ofthese tests may be used in addition to all other factors that arepertinent to a fire hazard assessment of a particular en
5、d use.1.3 These test methods are designed and intended as pre-liminary tests to complement quantitative analytical techniquesthat may be used to determine flammability. These test methodsoffer the option and the ability to screen waste for hazardousflammability potential when the analytical techniqu
6、es are notavailable or the total waste composition is unknown.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica
7、-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazardinformation is given in Section 5, 8.3.1 and 9.4.3.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.1.1 screening analysisa preliminary qualitative or semi-quantitative test that is designed to efficiently give the user
8、specific information about a waste that will aid in determiningwaste identification, process compatibility, and safety in han-dling.3. Summary of Test Methods3.1 Method AA test sample is exposed to heat and flame.The sample is reported as having a positive or negativeflammability potential as descri
9、bed in the test procedure.3.2 Method BSparks from a flint lighter are introduced tothe vapor space immediately above a representative sample ofa waste, and observation is made for a flash in the vapor spaceor ignition of the sample. A flash in the vapor space or ignitionand burning of the waste indi
10、cates a positive flammabilitypotential at ambient temperature.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods are intended for use by those in thewaste management industries to aid in identifying the flamma-bility potential or waste materials.5. Hazards5.1 Avoid inhalation and skin or eye contact, or
11、both, of anyhazardous materials.5.2 Standard laboratory hygiene practices should be fol-lowed when conducting these tests.5.3 All tests must be performed in a laboratory hood.5.4 Waste containing or suspected of containing highlyvolatile organics or peroxides should be tested using a muchsmaller sam
12、ple than that used in 9.2.5.5 The aluminum weighing boat should be placed on aninert, nonflammable surface.6. Sampling6.1 Sample containers must be kept tightly sealed untiltested.6.2 Samples should be analyzed as soon as possible aftercollection.6.3 If necessary, allow the sample to come to room te
13、m-perature in a tightly sealed container. For example, frozenmaterial should be allowed to thaw completely.TEST METHOD AEXPOSURE TO HEAT ANDFLAME7. Interferences7.1 Drafts in the laboratory fume hood where the test isperformed could cause excessive cooling and false negativeresults. A properly opera
14、ting fume hood with a face velocity of100 ft/min should provide consistent, usable results.7.2 Ignition sources that provide excessive heating ratesalone or combined with a very small test portion may obscureresults. That is, the sample may be decomposed, sintered,fused, evaporated, or otherwise con
15、sumed before positive or1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 onWaste Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.05 onScreening Methods.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2007. Published March 2007. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous editio
16、n approved in 2001 as D 4982 95(2001).1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.negative evidence of flammability is observed. The use ofsufficiently large test portions and of heating rates typical of abunsen burner should res
17、olve this problem.7.3 An inadequate source of heating could limit the volatil-ization of flammable components and provide false negativeresults.7.4 Difficult-to-observe flames resulting from the burning ofcertain compounds (for example, methanol) could providefalse negative results. If the presence
18、of these compounds issuspected, the presence of flammability might be confirmed bythe insertion of a watchglass just above the test material. Thewatchglass is then examined for products of combustion (forexample, moisture and soot).NOTE 1The watchglass method cannot distinguish between vaporizedwate
19、r or water produced by combustion.7.5 An improperly adjusted gas burner (for example, withan insufficiently aerated flame) could introduce unburnt gasinto or immediately above the sample. This unburnt gas couldbriefly support a flame after the source of ignition is removed,providing the appearance o
20、f a flammable sample and a falsepositive result.8. Apparatus8.1 Gas Burner, (for example, a bunsen burner) with anadjustable air shutter and an adjustable gas orifice is needed.The gas burner and fuel supply line must be appropriate to thegas supplied: natural gas, artificial gas (including propane
21、andbutane), or liquified petroleum gas (LP gas or LPG). Where agas supply line cannot be provided, a propane torch may besubstituted.8.2 Lighter, (for example, piezo lighter) for burner isrequired.8.3 Aluminum Weighing Boats or other non-flammable con-tainers are needed.8.3.1 WarningWeighing boats o
22、f material other thanaluminum should be used if the testing materials react withaluminum, for example, caustics.8.4 Watchglass.8.5 Large Beaker, Tongs, Asbestos-Free High-TemperatureGloves or Mittens, or other apparatus as needed to extinguishburning materials.9. Procedure9.1 Light a gas burner and
23、adjust to a typically blue flamethat is not readily blown out. A yellow flame easily affected bydrafts indicates insufficient air (the air:fuel ratio is too low). Asharp, blue flame is good. (If the flame rises above the burnerhead, is very difficult to light, or tends to extinguish itself,indicates
24、 that too much air or too much air and fuel are beingsupplied to the burner.)9.2 Place a sufficient amount (approximately 5 g) of a testsample in an aluminum weighing boat or other nonflammablecontainer.9.3 Using a gas burner, hold the flame immediately aboveand perpendicular to the test sample for
25、2 to 3 s withouttouching the visible flame to the sample.9.3.1 If ignition (a flash or burning) is observed before orafter the source of ignition (the flame of the burner) isremoved, the sample is said to have a positive flammabilitypotential. A positive result may require further investigation(see
26、9.4.1).9.3.2 The confirmation of flammability may require the useof a watchglass (see 7.4).9.3.3 If there is no ignition, proceed to 9.4.9.4 Using a gas burner, briefly (for at least 10 s) apply theflame to the sample in an attempt to ignite the sample.9.4.1 If the sample ignites, the sample is said
27、 to have apositive flammability potential.9.4.1.1 When more accurate waste characterization is nec-essary, liquid samples may be quantified using a closed-cupflash point tester.9.4.1.2 Solids with a positive flammability potential shouldbe further investigated.9.4.2 If the sample decomposes, boils (
28、if a liquid), orotherwise fails to ignite after at least 15 s of continuous sampleheating by the burner flame, the flammability potential isreported as negative.9.4.3 Halogenated solvents typically give off visible vaporsthat may result in a false positive flammability potential.(WarningPhosgene, an
29、 extremely toxic gas, is a combustionproduct of halogenated compounds burned in air.)9.5 Shut off the gas burner when not in use. Extinguish aburning sample by setting an aluminum weighing boat orwatchglass atop the one containing the burning sample, (orinvert a spoutless beaker over the sample cont
30、ainer and all).Use of tongs or high temperature gloves or mittens may benecessary to handle the equipment.TEST METHOD BEXPOSURE TO SPARKSOURCE10. Apparatus10.1 Oven Gloves.10.2 Flint Lighter, the type typically used to light anair/acetylene torch is required.10.3 Disposable 250-mL Beaker, of plastic
31、 is required.10.4 Watchglass, 100 mm.10.5 Metal Vessel (with lid), of adequate depth and diam-eter to contain beaker and watchglass is needed.10.6 Thermometer.11. Procedure11.1 Place approximately 100 mL of the test sample of thematerial to be tested into the plastic beaker (see 6.3).11.2 Place the
32、plastic beaker in the steel vessel, cover thebeaker with the watchglass, and allow to stand at ambientconditions for 5 min.11.3 Remove the watchglass, place the igniter immediatelyabove the waste and strike it several times to produce sparks.11.4 If the material does catch fire and burn, extinguish
33、theflames by immediately placing the lid on the steel vessel, thussmothering the fire and report as positive flammability poten-tial.12. Report for Methods A and B12.1 Report the following information:12.1.1 Sample identification,D 4982 95 (2007)212.1.2 Date of test,12.1.3 Sample classification: pos
34、itive or negative, and12.1.4 Reference to the procedure applied.13. Quality Control for Methods A and B13.1 Quality control check samples and duplications shouldbe performed at an action level specified by the laboratory andat an appropriate frequency.13.2 Flammability standards should be maintained
35、 for ana-lyst training and as reference guides. Examples are given in thefollowing table.Flammability Potential Screening AnalysisMethyl alcohol (methanol) Difficult-to-see flame; flammable ator below room temperature.Glacial acetic acid Flammable at temperatures abovenormal room temperature.Hendeca
36、ne (n-undecane) Flammable at temperatures higherthan glacial acetic acid.Kerosene (Fuel Oil No. 1) Flammable over a range of tempera-tures higher than normal room tem-perature.p-Xylene Flammable at or above room tem-perature; freezes at 13C. A spikedsoil sample frozen at 0C demon-strates interferenc
37、e.14. Precision and Bias for Methods A ignition; screening analysis;wastesASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity
38、of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments
39、are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not r
40、eceived a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 4982 95 (2007)3
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