1、Designation: D4982 95 (Reapproved 2007) D4982 12Standard Test Methods forFlammability Potential Screening Analysis of Waste1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4982; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods are used to indicate the fire-producing or fire-sustaining potential of wastes. The fol
3、lowing test methodscan be applied to waste liquids, sludges, or solids:SectionsTest Method ATest Sample Exposed to Heat and Flame 7-9Test Method BTest Sample Exposed to Spark Source 10 and 111.2 These test methods should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, in response to hea
4、t and flame undercontrolled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials under actualfire conditions. However, results of these tests may be used in addition to all other factors that are pertinent to a fire hazardassessment of a part
5、icular end use.1.3 These test methods are designed and intended as preliminary tests to complement quantitative analytical techniques that maybe used to determine flammability. These test methods offer the option and the ability to screen waste for hazardous flammabilitypotential when the analytical
6、 techniques are not available or the total waste composition is unknown.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine t
7、he applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. Specific hazard information is given in Section 5, 8.3.1 and 9.4.3.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.1.1 screening analysisa preliminary qualitative or semiquantitative test that is designed to efficiently give
8、the user specificinformation about a waste that will aid in determining waste identification, process compatibility, and safety in handling.3. Summary of Test Methods3.1 Method AA test sample is exposed to heat and flame. The sample is reported as having a positive or negative flammabilitypotential
9、as described in the test procedure.3.2 Method BSparks from a flint lighter are introduced to the vapor space immediately above a representative sample of awaste, and observation is made for a flash in the vapor space or ignition of the sample. A flash in the vapor space or ignition andburning of the
10、 waste indicates a positive flammability potential at ambient temperature.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods are intended for use by those in the waste management industries to aid in identifying the flammabilitypotential or waste materials.5. Hazards5.1 Avoid inhalation and skin or eye c
11、ontact, or both, of any hazardous materials.5.2 Standard laboratory hygiene practices should be followed when conducting these tests.5.3 All tests must be performed in a laboratory hood.1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct respon
12、sibility of Subcommittee D34.01.05 on ScreeningMethods.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2007Sept. 1, 2012. Published March 2007December 2012. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 20012007 asD4982 95(2001).(2007). DOI: 10.1520/D4982-95R07.10.1520/D4982-12.This document is no
13、t an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriat
14、e. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.4 Waste containing or suspected of containing highly volatile org
15、anics or peroxides should be tested using a much smallersample than that used in 9.2.5.5 The aluminum weighing boat should be placed on an inert, nonflammable surface.6. Sampling6.1 Sample containers must be kept tightly sealed until tested.6.2 Samples should be analyzed as soon as possible after co
16、llection.6.3 If necessary, allow the sample to come to room temperature in a tightly sealed container. For example, frozen materialshould be allowed to thaw completely.TEST METHOD AEXPOSURE TO HEAT AND FLAME7. Interferences7.1 Drafts in the laboratory fume hood where the test is performed could caus
17、e excessive cooling and false negative results. Aproperly operating fume hood with a face velocity of 100 ft/min should provide consistent, usable results.7.2 Ignition sources that provide excessive heating rates alone or combined with a very small test portion may obscure results.That is, the sampl
18、e may be decomposed, sintered, fused, evaporated, or otherwise consumed before positive or negative evidenceof flammability is observed. The use of sufficiently large test portions and of heating rates typical of a bunsen burner should resolvethis problem.7.3 An inadequate source of heating could li
19、mit the volatilization of flammable components and provide false negative results.7.4 Difficult-to-observe flames resulting from the burning of certain compounds (for example, methanol) could provide falsenegative results. If the presence of these compounds is suspected, the presence of flammability
20、 might be confirmed by the insertionof a watchglass just above the test material. The watchglass is then examined for products of combustion (for example, moistureand soot).NOTE 1The watchglass method cannot distinguish between vaporized water or water produced by combustion.7.5 An improperly adjust
21、ed gas burner (for example, with an insufficiently aerated flame) could introduce unburnt gas into orimmediately above the sample. This unburnt gas could briefly support a flame after the source of ignition is removed, providingthe appearance of a flammable sample and a false positive result.8. Appa
22、ratus8.1 Gas Burner, (for example, a bunsen burner) with an adjustable air shutter and an adjustable gas orifice is needed. The gasburner and fuel supply line must be appropriate to the gas supplied: natural gas, artificial gas (including propane and butane), orliquified petroleum gas (LP gas or LPG
23、). Where a gas supply line cannot be provided, a propane torch may be substituted.8.2 Lighter, (for example, piezo lighter) for burner is required.8.3 Aluminum Weighing Boats or other non-flammable containers are needed.8.3.1 WarningWeighing boats of material other than aluminum should be used if th
24、e testing materials react with aluminum,for example, caustics.8.4 Watchglass.8.5 Large Beaker, Tongs, Asbestos-Free High-Temperature Gloves or Mittens, or other apparatus as needed to extinguishburning materials.9. Procedure9.1 Light a gas burner and adjust to a typically blue flame that is not read
25、ily blown out. A yellow flame easily affected by draftsindicates insufficient air (the air:fuel ratio is too low). A sharp, blue flame is good. (If the flame rises above the burner head, is verydifficult to light, or tends to extinguish itself, indicates that too much air or too much air and fuel ar
26、e being supplied to the burner.)9.2 Place a sufficient amount (approximately 5 g) of a test sample in an aluminum weighing boat or other nonflammablecontainer.9.3 Using a gas burner, hold the flame immediately above and perpendicular to the test sample for 2 to 3 s without touchingthe visible flame
27、to the sample.9.3.1 If ignition (a flash or burning) is observed before or after the source of ignition (the flame of the burner) is removed, thesample is said to have a positive flammability potential. A positive result may require further investigation (see 9.4.1).9.3.2 The confirmation of flammab
28、ility may require the use of a watchglass (see 7.4).9.3.3 If there is no ignition, proceed to 9.4.D4982 1229.4 Using a gas burner, briefly (for at least 10 s) apply the flame to the sample in an attempt to ignite the sample.9.4.1 If the sample ignites, the sample is said to have a positive flammabil
29、ity potential.9.4.1.1 When more accurate waste characterization is necessary, liquid samples may be quantified using a closed-cup flash pointtester.9.4.1.2 Solids with a positive flammability potential should be further investigated.9.4.2 If the sample decomposes, boils (if a liquid), or otherwise f
30、ails to ignite after at least 15 s of continuous sample heatingby the burner flame, the flammability potential is reported as negative.9.4.3 Halogenated solvents typically give off visible vapors that may result in a false positive flammability potential.(WarningPhosgene, an extremely toxic gas, is
31、a combustion product of halogenated compounds burned in air.)9.5 Shut off the gas burner when not in use. Extinguish a burning sample by setting an aluminum weighing boat or watchglassatop the one containing the burning sample, (or invert a spoutless beaker over the sample container and all). Use of
32、 tongs or hightemperature gloves or mittens may be necessary to handle the equipment.TEST METHOD BEXPOSURE TO SPARK SOURCE10. Apparatus10.1 Oven Gloves.10.2 Flint Lighter, the type typically used to light an air/acetylene torch is required.10.3 Disposable 250-mL Beaker, of plastic is required.10.4 W
33、atchglass, 100 mm.10.5 Metal Vessel (with lid), of adequate depth and diameter to contain beaker and watchglass is needed.10.6 Thermometer.11. Procedure11.1 Place approximately 100 mL of the test sample of the material to be tested into the plastic beaker (see 6.3).11.2 Place the plastic beaker in t
34、he steel vessel, cover the beaker with the watchglass, and allow to stand at ambient conditionsfor 5 min.11.3 Remove the watchglass, place the igniter immediately above the waste and strike it several times to produce sparks.11.4 If the material does catch fire and burn, extinguish the flames by imm
35、ediately placing the lid on the steel vessel, thussmothering the fire and report as positive flammability potential.12. Report for Methods A and B12.1 Report the following information:12.1.1 Sample identification,12.1.2 Date of test,12.1.3 Sample classification: positive or negative, and12.1.4 Refer
36、ence to the procedure applied.13. Quality Control for Methods A and B13.1 Quality control check samples and duplications should be performed at an action level specified by the laboratory and atan appropriate frequency.13.2 Flammability standards should be maintained for analyst training and as refe
37、rence guides. Examples are given in thefollowing table.Flammability Potential Screening AnalysisMethyl alcohol (methanol) Difficult-to-see flame; flammable ator below room temperature.Glacial acetic acid Flammable at temperatures abovenormal room temperature.Hendecane (n-undecane) Flammable at tempe
38、ratures higherthan glacial acetic acid.Kerosene (Fuel Oil No. 1) Flammable over a range oftemperatures higher than normalroom temperature.p-Xylene Flammable at or above roomtemperature; freezes at 13C. Aspiked soil sample frozen at 0Cdemonstrates interference.D4982 12314. Precision and Bias for Meth
39、ods A ignition; screening analysis; wastesASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and t
40、he riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision
41、of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shoul
42、dmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D4982 124
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