1、Designation: D 4986 03Standard Test Method forHorizontal Burning Characteristics of Cellular PolymericMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4986; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This fire-test-response test method describes a small-scale horizontally oriented burning test procedure for compar
3、-ing the relative rate of burning and the extent and time ofburning of cellular polymeric materials having a density lessthan 250 kg/m3.1.2 The classification system described in the Appendix X1is intended for quality assurance and the preselection ofcomponent materials for products.1.3 This standar
4、d measures and describes the response ofmaterials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate allfactors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.4 This stand
5、ard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specifichazard stateme
6、nt, see Note 3.NOTE 1This test method and ISO 9772 are technically equivalent.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 4483 Practice for Determining Precision for Test MethodStandards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Industries2D 5025 Specification for Laboratory Burner Used forSmall-Scale Burning
7、Tests on Plastic Materials3E 176 Terminology to Fire Standards4E 437 Specification for Industrial Wire Cloth and Screens(Square Opening Series)52.2 ISO Standard:ISO 9772 Cellular PlasticsDetermination of HorizontalBurning Characteristics of Small Specimens Subjected toa Small Flame63. Terminology3.1
8、 DefinitionsFor definitions of fire-related terms used inthis test method, refer to Terminology E 176.3.2 afterflame time, nthe length of time for which amaterial continues to flame, under specified conditions, afterthe ignition source has been removed.3.3 afterglow time, nthe length of time for whi
9、ch amaterial continues to glow under specified test conditions, afterthe ignition source has been removed or cessation of flaming,or both.3.4 flame, vbto undergo combustion in the gaseous phasewith emission of light.3.5 glow, nvisible light, other than from flaming, emittedby a solid undergoing comb
10、ustion.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method for measuring the burning characteris-tics of cellular polymeric materials employs a small standardtest specimen 50 by 150 mm. The specimen is supportedhorizontally. One end is exposed to a specified gas flame for 60s and the extent of burning is
11、measured.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means of measuring thetime and extent of burning for cellular polymeric materials. Italso provides a means of measuring burning rates for materialsthat continue to burn past the specified gage marks.5.2 This test method provides a means
12、 of comparing theburning characteristics of materials of like thickness density,cell size, and skin irregularities, including the effect of fallingparticles of cellular polymeric materials. It may be used forquality control, specification acceptance, and for research anddevelopment. Such materials m
13、ay be filled or reinforced, rigidor flexible, cut or formed.5.3 In this test method, the specimens are subjected to oneor more specific sets of laboratory fire test exposure conditions.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plasticsand is the direct responsibility of Su
14、bcommittee D20.30 on Thermal Properties.Current edition approved May 10, 2003. Published July 2003. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 4986 98.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.03.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol
15、04.07.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.6Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoh
16、ocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.If different test conditions are substituted or if the anticipatedend-use conditions are changed, it may not be possible fromthis test method to predict changes in the performance charac-teristics measured. Therefore, the results are strictly valid onlyfor the fir
17、e test exposure conditions described in this procedure.5.4 This test method is not intended to be a criterion for firehazard. The fire hazard created by materials depends upon theform and end use of the material. Assessment of fire hazardincludes, but is not limited to, many factors such as flamespr
18、ead, burning rate, ease of ignition, fuel contribution, heatevolution, products of combustion, and others.6. Apparatus6.1 Test ChamberA laboratory hood free of induced orforced draft during test. The hood shall be totally enclosed,with a heat-resistant transparent window for observing the test.Alter
19、natively, the test may be conducted in a cabinet placedinside the hood. The cabinet should be constructed of noncom-bustible materials and should have a transparent window forobserving the test. The cabinet must provide adequate ventila-tion for characteristic burning, but must not allow drafts acro
20、ssthe burning specimen; therefore, a suitable damper may benecessary.6.2 Laboratory BurnerBurner shall be constructed inaccordance with Specification D 5025.6.3 Wing TopWing top, having an opening 48 6 1mminlength by 1.3 6 0.05 mm in width fitted to the burner. (See Fig.1.)6.4 Gas SupplyMethane gas,
21、 technical grade or naturalgas having a heat content of 37 6 1 MJ/m3with suitableregulator and meter for uniform gas flow.6.5 Wire ClothLow-carbon, plain, steel wire, 6.4-mmmesh of 0.90 6 0.05-mm wire diameter. The cloth mesh andwire diameter shall be determined in accordance with Specifi-cation E 4
22、37, Appendix X3. The wire cloth shall be cut toapproximately 215 by 75 mm and shall be formed to provide a90 bend at one end, 13 mm high. (See Fig. 1.)6.6 Support FixtureAny fixture that will support the wirecloth horizontally, 13 6 1 mm above the burner wing top and175 6 25 mm above the base of the
23、 test chamber. Fig. 2 showsone acceptable arrangement.6.7 Timing Device(s)Accurate to 61s.6.8 Linear Measuring DeviceGraduated in millimeters.6.9 CottonA supply of dry, absorbent 100 % cotton.6.10 DesiccatorContaining a suitable drying agent, ca-pable of maintaining a relative humidity not exceeding
24、 20 % at23 6 2C.6.11 Conditioning Room or ChamberCapable of beingmaintained at 23 6 2C and a relative humidity of 50 6 5%.6.12 Conditioning OvenA full-draft circulating air ovencapable of being maintained at 70 6 2C.6.13 Dial Gage MicrometerFor measuring thicknesseswith a 650-mm2pressure ft exerting
25、 a pressure of0.175 6 0.035 kPa.7. Test Specimen7.1 Test specimens, for materials being considered in arange of colors, thicknesses and densities, shall have represen-tative ranges of these colors, thicknesses and densities tested.7.1.1 Test specimens in the minimum and maximum densi-ties shall be c
26、onsidered representative of the range, if the testresults yield the same flame test classification. If the burningcharacteristics are not essentially the same for all specimensrepresenting the range, evaluation is to be limited only to thematerials in the densities tested or additional test specimen
27、s inintermediate densities are to be tested to determine the range.7.1.2 Uncolored test specimens and test specimens with thehighest level of organic and inorganic pigment loading byweight are considered representative of the color range, if thetest results yield the same flame test classification.
28、Whencertain pigments are known to affect flammability characteris-tics, they are also to be tested. Test specimens to be tested arethose that:(a) contain no coloringNOTEDimensions in millimetres.FIG. 1 Test Specimen and Specimen Support GauzeD 4986 032(b) contain the highest level of organic pigment
29、s beingconsidered for the respective application(c) contain the highest level of inorganic pigments beingconsidered for the respective application(d) contain pigments which are known to adversely affectflammability characteristics7.2 All specimens shall be cut from a representative sampleof the mate
30、rial. Care shall be taken to remove all dust and anyparticles from the surface.7.3 The standard test specimen shall be 150 mm 6 10 mmlong by 50 mm 6 1 mm wide. Materials supplied in thick-nesses over 13 mm shall be cut to 13 mm 6 1 mm thicknesswith any skin on one side. Materials supplied in thickne
31、sses of13 mm or less shall be tested at the thickness supplied, withoutremoving any skin. (See 7.6.) If materials with adhesiveapplied are to be tested, specimens having adhesive on one sideonly shall be used. (See 7.6.)NOTE 2Tests made on test specimens of different thicknesses, ordirections of ani
32、sotropy are not comparable.7.4 Prepare a minimum of 20 specimens for the test. Thisincludes 10 additional specimens in the event that the situationdescribed in X1.3 or X1.5 is encountered.7.5 Mark each specimen across its width with lines at 25mm, 60 mm and 125 mm from one end, referred to hereafter
33、 asgauge marks (see Fig. 1).7.6 Test specimens with a high density exterior (skin) onone side shall be tested with this side facing down. Testspecimens with adhesive on one side shall be tested with thisside facing up.8. Conditioning8.1 Condition specimen sets as follows:8.1.1 Condition one set of f
34、ive specimens for at least 48 h ata temperature of 23 6 2C and a relative humidity of 50 6 5%prior to testing.8.1.2 Condition a second set of five specimens in a circu-lating air oven for 168 6 2hat706 2C, and then cool in adesiccator for at least4hatroom temperature prior to testing.8.2 All specime
35、ns shall be tested in a laboratory atmosphereof 15 to 35C and 45 to 75 % relative humidity.9. ProcedureNOTE 3Warning: Conduct the burning test in an enclosed laboratoryhood or cabinet free of induced or forced draft. An exhaust fan is requiredfor removing the products of combustion which may be toxi
36、c, immedi-ately after the test.NOTE 4To maintain a draft-free environment during the test, it maybe necessary to install a damper in the exhaust duct which can be closedduring the test.9.1 Position the formed wire cloth in the support fixture sothat the major section is horizontal and the upturned e
37、dge isnearest the burner. The bottom of the cloth shall be 13 6 1mmabove the burner wing top and 175 mm above the base of thetest chamber. Place 0.05 to 0.08 g of cotton thinned to an areaapproximately 75 3 75 mm and a maximum thickness of 6mm. on the base of the test chamber under the front portion
38、 ofthe wire cloth having the upturned ends.9.2 Place the test specimen flat on the wire cloth with the150 by 50-mm surface horizontal. The end of the specimencloser to the 60-mm mark is to be placed in contact with theupturned end of the wire cloth. (See Fig. 1.)9.3 Place the burner, with wing top,
39、remote from thespecimen, ignite, and adjust it to produce a blue flame 38 mmhigh. Adjust the gas supply and the air ports of the burner untila yellow-tipped blue flame is produced, and then increase theair supply until the yellow tip just disappears. Measure theheight of the flame, and, if necessary
40、, readjust to obtain a flame38 6 2 mm high.9.4 Place the burner under the upturned end of the wirecloth so that one edge of the flame is in line with the upturnedend and the other edge of the flame extends into the front endof the specimen. (See Fig. 3.) The center of the wing top is tobe in line wi
41、th the longitudinal axis of the specimen.9.5 Start the timing device(s) when the test flame is applied.Remove the flame after 60 s. Record the times when the flamereaches the 25-mm, 60-mm, or 125-mm mark, when thespecimen extinguishes.9.6 If the specimen burns past the 125-mm mark, the timefor the s
42、pecimen to burn from the 25-mm mark to the 125-mmFIG. 2 Support Gauze HolderFIG. 3 Details of Flame and Relative Positions of Burner WingTop, Test Specimen, and Specimen Support GauzeD 4986 033mark is to be determined. Record the time, in seconds, as theburning time, t. Calculate the burning rate as
43、 600/t cm/min.9.7 If the specimen ceases to burn, the duration of the totalafterflame plus afterglow time after removal of the test flame isto be recorded. The furthest distance affected by burning(flaming plus glowing) is to be measured and recorded. Also, itis to be noted whether or not the cotton
44、 placed 175 mm belowthe test specimen was ignited by flaming particles.9.8 If the specimen does not burn after removal of the testflame, record the duration of afterflame time as zero. Thefurthest distance affected by burning is to be measured andrecorded. Note whether or not the cotton was ignited.
45、9.9 Repeat the procedure in 9.1 through 9.8 on the fourremaining specimens for each set. If a new wire cloth is notused for each test, any material remaining on the wire clothfrom previous tests is to be burned off and the wire clothallowed to cool to room temperature before conducting the test.NOTE
46、 5When the test chamber is in continuous use, heating of thechamber may affect test results.10. Report10.1 The complete report shall include the following:10.1.1 Material IdentificationThe generic description,manufacturer, commercial designation, lot number, color, con-ditioning, density, thickness,
47、 and the presence or absence ofskin.10.1.2 The burning rate of each specimen that has burned tothe 125-mm mark.10.1.3 The duration of afterflame and afterglow time and thedistance affected for each specimen.10.1.4 Whether or not any of the specimens drip flamingparticles that ignite cotton.10.1.5 No
48、te any unusual burning phenomena, such aswarpage, shrinkage, melting, or other atypical responses.10.1.6 The statement: These data describe the response ofmaterials to heat and flame under controlled laboratory condi-tions and should not be used for the appraisal or regulation ofthe fire hazards ass
49、ociated with them under actual fire condi-tions.10.1.7 If the material will be classified, indicate the categorydesignation from the classification system in Appendix X1.11. Precision and Bias11.1 An interlaboratory test program was conducted toobtain precision data for this test method. Both precision andbias sections were prepared in accordance with PracticeD 4483.11.2 Test Method:11.2.1 The interlaboratory program was a Type 1 precisionconducted in 1990. Both repeatability and reproducibility wereshort term. A test result is the average value obtai
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